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Level 3 Final Review Energy: _______ is the ability to do work. There are many different kinds of energy. When you hold an object up off the ground, the object has ______ energy. When you drop the object, this energy is not lost, but is transformed into _______ energy. When the object hits the ground, all its energy is transformed into _______ energy and ______ energy. The more you stretch a spring out, the greater its ________ energy. A roller coaster has the greatest _________ energy at the top of the first hill, and the greatest _________ energy at the bottom of the hill. When you push a book along a desk you have done _____ (+, -, no) work on the book. When you walk horizontally with a heavy box, you do ________ (+, -, no) work on the box. The force of friction always does ____ (+, -, no) work. When two identical students run up the same flight of stairs, the one who runs the fastest has the ________ (most, least, same) power. Electrostatics: When talking about the parts of the atom, _______ and _______ have equal but opposite charges, but the mass of the ________ is much greater than the mass of the ________. Protons and electrons ________ each other, but electrons and electrons ________. In order to give an object a positive charge, you would need to take _________ from it. When you connect a charged conductor to a metal faucet, the charge of the object becomes ________, and this process is called __________. When you rub two neutral insulators together, the insulator with the greater attraction to electrons becomes ________ (+, -) and the other insulator becomes ________ (+, -). When you touch a negatively charged conductor to a neutral conductor, this is called charging by __________, and in the end both conductors end up with a ________ charge. When you move two charged objects closer together, the electric force between the two becomes _______ (stronger, weaker). When you ground a neutral object that is near a negative object, the process is called charging by ___________. The neutral object becomes _________(+, -). Electric Circuits: ________ is the rate of electron flow in a circuit. In a simple circuit, the ___________ (current, voltage, power, resistance) everywhere is the same. The filament provides _________ to the electrons. This friction transforms the energy of the electrons into light and heat. The battery is a source of ________. This gives the electrons the energy they need to move around the circuit. If you connect two light bulbs in _________ (series, parallel) they are brighter than if you connect them in ________(series, parallel). When more light bulbs are added in parallel, the total resistance ________. In a _________ (series, parallel) circuit the current is always the same, and in a ________ (series, parallel) circuit the voltage is always the same. Electric ________ is equal to current times voltage. If you open a switch in a series circuit, ________ (no, more, less) current will flow through the circuit. Home appliances are wired in ________. Magnetism: A piece of iron becomes magnetized when all of its ________ line up. A compass placed in a magnetic field points to the ________ pole. When an electron is moving parallel to a magnetic field, there is ________ (no, greater, less) force acting on the electron. If a wire is carrying a current into the page, the magnetic field around the wire is ___________ (clockwise, counterclockwise). A changing magnetic field induces ____________ in a wire. A _________ converts electricity into motion, and a __________ converts motion into electricity. Credit card readers and wind turbines are examples of ___________ while loudspeakers and battery operated cars are examples of ________. A transformer uses __________ current to step up or down _________, while ideally input and output __________ remains the same. Waves & Sound: The distance from crest to crest is called the ________. The time it takes one wavelength to pass a point is called the ________. Sound is a ________ wave. If four waves pass a point in 2 seconds, the frequency is _______. The velocity of a wave in a given medium is constant so if _________ increases, ________ gets shorter. If you shorten the string of a violin, the __________ gets smaller, so the _________ increases, and thus the pitch gets _______. When a police car moves away from you, the __________ gets longer, so the _________ decreases, and thus the pitch gets _______. This is called the ____________. When a plane is traveling faster than the speed of sound, a ____________ is continuously produced. This is an example of ____________ interference. When the fundamental frequency sounds in an open tube _________ (1, ½, ¼) wavelength is present in the length of the tube. The fundamental frequency of an open tube has a ________ pitch than a tube closed at one end. Mathematically stringed instruments act the same as ________ tubes. Light & Optics: Visible light has a ________ frequency than gamma rays. High frequency light waves have more _______ than low frequency light waves. Light is a _________ wave produced by accelerating electrons. Light is the only type of wave that can travel through a __________. The reason you can see a book is because light is _________ off the book to your eyes. When light reflects the angle of ________ equals the angle of _________. Theses angles are measured from the __________. For a plane mirror the distance from the mirror line to the ________ equals the distance from the mirror line to the _________. When light passes from a denser medium into a less dense medium, the light ray bends ________ the normal line, and this is called __________. When the angle of incidence in a denser translucent material is greater than the critical angle, light is ______________. Light rays are brought together by a ________ lens and spread out by a __________ lens. Double convex lenses produce inverted images unless the object is placed between the ________ and the lens. Physics Term kinetic energy Symbol in Formulas Definition E ability to do work Unit Symbol K energy due to position W J energy transferred when a force applied over a distance charge C electric field E current I N/C electric potential energy lost or gained by a charge restricts the flow of charge resistance power Unit Name V P magnetic field area around a magnet or electromagnet λ frequency m number of waves in one second period s rate at which any wave travels through a medium A index of refraction m/s m number which indicates how much light will bend in a given medium based on the speed of light through the medium c m/s 1. A 1.5 kg bowling ball rolls from rest down a hill as shown. The speed of the ball at B is 2 m/s. Calculate the balls total energy, gravitational potential at B and the height at B. 2. Two electrons (q = 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C) are separated by 0.0005 m, calculate the electrostatic force between them. How would the force change if the distance between them increased? 3. Calculate the total current and resistance of each of the circuits shown. 4. A toaster requires a 4 A current to operate. Calculate the resistance and power if the toaster is plugged into 120 V outlet. Could the toaster work in the same outlet as a 1.44 kW hair dryer? The circuit breaker has a limit of 1800 W. 5. The primary coil of a transformer has 6 turns and a voltage of 9 V. The secondary has 3 turns. Calculate the secondary voltage. How would the voltage of the secondary be different if the secondary had 9 turns? 6. The frequency of a wave traveling at 6 m/s is 12 Hz. Calculate the wavelength and period of the wave. 7. A sound with a frequency of 680 Hz is made with an open tube. If sound travels through air at 340 m/s, what is the length of the tube? How would the sound be different if (a) the tube were covered at one end (b) the tube was shortened? 8. A ray of light strikes a glass prism at an angle of 28º to the surface. Calculate the angle of reflection and the angle of refraction. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.6. Draw a diagram showing the path of the light.