Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Deep packet inspection wikipedia , lookup
Zero-configuration networking wikipedia , lookup
Cracking of wireless networks wikipedia , lookup
Real-Time Messaging Protocol wikipedia , lookup
Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA) wikipedia , lookup
UniPro protocol stack wikipedia , lookup
• Transmission Control Protocol https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite (IP), and is so common that the entire suite is often called TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered, error-checked delivery of a stream of octets between programs running on computers connected to a local area network, intranet or the public Internet. It resides at the transport layer. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol Web browsers use TCP when they connect to servers on the World Wide Web, and it is used to deliver email and transfer files from one location to another. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol 1 Applications that do not require the reliability of a TCP connection may instead use the connectionless User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which emphasizes low-overhead operation and reduced latency rather than error checking and delivery validation. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Historical origin The monolithic Transmission Control Program was later divided into a modular architecture consisting of the Transmission Control Protocol at the connectionoriented layer and the Internet Protocol at the internetworking (datagram) layer 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Network function The protocol corresponds to the transport layer of TCP/IP suite. TCP provides a communication service at an intermediate level between an application program and the Internet Protocol (IP). That is, when an application program desires to send a large chunk of data across the Internet using IP, instead of breaking the data into IP-sized pieces and issuing a series of IP requests, the software can issue a single request to TCP and let TCP handle the IP details. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Network function IP works by exchanging pieces of information called packets. A packet is a sequence of octets (bytes) and consists of a header followed by a body. The header describes the packet's source, destination and control information. The body contains the data IP is transmitting. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Network function 1 Due to network congestion, traffic load balancing, or other unpredictable network behavior, IP packets can be lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Network function 1 TCP is utilized extensively by many of the Internet's most popular applications, including the World Wide Web (WWW), Email, File Transfer Protocol, Secure Shell, peer-to-peer file sharing, and some streaming media applications. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Network function 1 TCP is optimized for accurate delivery rather than timely delivery, and therefore, TCP sometimes incurs relatively long delays (on the order of seconds) while waiting for out-of-order messages or retransmissions of lost messages. It is not particularly suitable for real-time applications such as Voice over IP. For such applications, protocols like the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) running over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are usually recommended instead. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Network function TCP is a reliable stream delivery service that guarantees that all bytes received will be identical with bytes sent and in the correct order 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Network function 1 While IP handles actual delivery of the data, TCP keeps track of the individual units of data transmission, called segments, that a message is divided into for efficient routing through the network https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure Transmission Control Protocol accepts data from a data stream, divides it into chunks, and adds a TCP header creating a TCP segment. The TCP segment is then encapsulated into an Internet Protocol (IP) datagram, and exchanged with peers. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure The term TCP packet, though sometimes informally used, is not in line with current terminology, where segment refers to the TCP Protocol Data Unit (PDU), datagram to the IP PDU and frame to the data link layer PDU: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 Processes transmit data by calling on the TCP and passing buffers of data as arguments. The TCP packages the data from these buffers into segments and calls on the internet module [e.g. IP] to transmit each segment to the destination TCP. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure A TCP segment consists of a segment header and a data section. The TCP header contains 10 mandatory fields, and an optional extension field (Options, orange background in table). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 The data section follows the header. Its contents are the payload data carried for the application. The length of the data section is not specified in the TCP segment header. It can be calculated by subtracting the combined length of the TCP header and the encapsulating IP header from the total IP datagram length (specified in the IP header). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 0 0Source port Destination port 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 8 64 Acknowledgment number (if ACK set) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 If the SYN flag is set (1), then this is the initial sequence number. The sequence number of the actual first data byte and the acknowledged number in the corresponding ACK are then this sequence number plus 1. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 If the SYN flag is clear (0), then this is the accumulated sequence number of the first data byte of this segment for the current session. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 if the ACK flag is set then the value of this field is the next sequence number that the receiver is expecting. This acknowledges receipt of all prior bytes (if any). The first ACK sent by each end acknowledges the other end's initial sequence number itself, but no data. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 specifies the size of the TCP header in 32bit words. The minimum size header is 5 words and the maximum is 15 words thus giving the minimum size of 20 bytes and maximum of 60 bytes, allowing for up to 40 bytes of options in the header. This field gets its name from the fact that it is also the offset from the start of the TCP segment to the actual data. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure CWR (1 bit) – Congestion Window Reduced (CWR) flag is set by the sending host to indicate that it received a TCP segment with the ECE flag set and had responded in congestion control mechanism (added to header by RFC 3168). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure If the SYN flag is clear (0), that a packet with Congestion Experienced flag in IP header set is received during normal transmission (added to header by RFC 3168). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 URG (1 bit) – indicates that the Urgent pointer field is significant https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure ACK (1 bit) – indicates that the Acknowledgment field is significant. All packets after the initial SYN packet sent by the client should have this flag set. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 PSH (1 bit) – Push function. Asks to push the buffered data to the receiving application. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure SYN (1 bit) – Synchronize sequence numbers. Only the first packet sent from each end should have this flag set. Some other flags change meaning based on this flag, and some are only valid for when it is set, and others when it is clear. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 the size of the receive window, which specifies the number of window size units (by default, bytes) (beyond the sequence number in the acknowledgment field) that the sender of this segment is currently willing to receive (see Flow control and Window Scaling) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 The 16-bit checksum field is used for error-checking of the header and data https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 if the URG flag is set, then this 16-bit field is an offset from the sequence number indicating the last urgent data byte https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 The length of this field is determined by the data offset field https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 1 (8 bits) – No operation (NOP, Padding) This may be used to align option fields on 32-bit boundaries for better performance. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 8,10,TTTT,EEEE (80 bits)- Timestamp and echo of previous timestamp (see TCP timestamps for details) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure 1 (The remaining options are obsolete, experimental, not yet standardized, or unassigned) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP segment structure The TCP header padding is used to ensure that the TCP header ends and data begins on a 32 bit boundary. The padding is composed of zeros. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Protocol operation TCP protocol operations may be divided into three phases. Connections must be properly established in a multi-step handshake process (connection establishment) before entering the data transfer phase. After data transmission is completed, the connection termination closes established virtual circuits and releases all allocated 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Protocol operation 1 A TCP connection is managed by an operating system through a programming interface that represents the local end-point for communications, the Internet socket. During the lifetime of a TCP connection the local end-point undergoes a series of state changes: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Protocol operation 1 (server) represents waiting for a connection request from any remote TCP and port. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Protocol operation (client) represents waiting for a matching connection request after having sent a connection request. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Protocol operation 1 (server) represents waiting for a confirming connection request acknowledgment after having both received and sent a connection request. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Protocol operation 1 (both server and client) represents an open connection, data received can be delivered to the user. The normal state for the data transfer phase of the connection. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Protocol operation 1 (both server and client) represents waiting for a connection termination request from the remote TCP, or an acknowledgment of the connection termination request previously sent. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Protocol operation 1 (both server and client) represents waiting for an acknowledgment of the connection termination request previously sent to the remote TCP (which includes an acknowledgment of its connection termination request). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Protocol operation 1 (either server or client) represents waiting for enough time to pass to be sure the remote TCP received the acknowledgment of its connection termination request. [According to RFC 793 a connection can stay in TIME-WAIT for a maximum of four minutes known as a MSL (maximum segment lifetime).] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection establishment 1 To establish a connection, TCP uses a three-way handshake. Before a client attempts to connect with a server, the server must first bind to and listen at a port to open it up for connections: this is called a passive open. Once the passive open is established, a client may initiate an active open. To establish a connection, the three-way (or 3-step) handshake occurs: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection establishment 1 SYN: The active open is performed by the client sending a SYN to the server. The client sets the segment's sequence number to a random value A. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection establishment SYN-ACK: In response, the server replies with a SYN-ACK. The acknowledgment number is set to one more than the received sequence number i.e. A+1, and the sequence number that the server chooses for the packet is another random number, B. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection establishment 1 ACK: Finally, the client sends an ACK back to the server. The sequence number is set to the received acknowledgement value i.e. A+1, and the acknowledgement number is set to one more than the received sequence number i.e. B+1. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection establishment At this point, both the client and server have received an acknowledgment of the connection. The steps 1, 2 establish the connection parameter (sequence number) for one direction and it is acknowledged. The steps 2, 3 establish the connection parameter (sequence number) for the other direction and it is acknowledged. With these, a full1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection termination 1 The connection termination phase uses a four-way handshake, with each side of the connection terminating independently https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection termination A connection can be "half-open", in which case one side has terminated its end, but the other has not. The side that has terminated can no longer send any data into the connection, but the other side can. The terminating side should continue reading the data until the other side terminates as well. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection termination 1 It is possible for both hosts to send FINs simultaneously then both just have to ACK. This could possibly be considered a 2-way handshake since the FIN/ACK sequence is done in parallel for both directions. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection termination 1 Some host TCP stacks may implement a halfduplex close sequence, as Linux or HP-UX do https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection termination Some application protocols may violate the OSI model layers, using the TCP open/close handshaking for the application protocol open/close handshaking — these may find the RST problem on active close. As an example: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection termination 1 For a usual program flow like above, a TCP/IP stack like that described above does not guarantee that all the data arrives to the other application. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Resource usage 1 Most implementations allocate an entry in a table that maps a session to a running operating system process https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Resource usage 1 The number of sessions in the server side is limited only by memory and can grow as new connections arrive, but the client must allocate a random port before sending the first SYN to the server https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Resource usage 1 Both endpoints must also allocate space for unacknowledged packets and received (but unread) data. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Data transfer 1 Ordered data transfer — the destination host rearranges according to sequence number https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Data transfer 1 Retransmission of lost packets — any cumulative stream not acknowledged is retransmitted https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Data transfer Flow control — limits the rate a sender transfers data to guarantee reliable delivery. The receiver continually hints the sender on how much data can be received (controlled by the sliding window). When the receiving host's buffer fills, the next acknowledgment contains a 0 in the window size, to stop transfer and allow the data in the buffer to be processed. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Reliable transmission TCP uses a sequence number to identify each byte of data 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Reliable transmission TCP primarily uses a cumulative acknowledgment scheme, where the receiver sends an acknowledgment signifying that the receiver has received all data preceding the acknowledged sequence number 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Reliable transmission In addition to cumulative acknowledgments, TCP receivers can also send selective acknowledgments to provide further information. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Error detection Sequence numbers allow receivers to discard duplicate packets and properly sequence reordered packets. Acknowledgments allow senders to determine when to retransmit lost packets. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Error detection 1 To assure correctness a checksum field is included (see TCP segment structure for details on checksumming) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Flow control 1 TCP uses an end-to-end flow control protocol to avoid having the sender send data too fast for the TCP receiver to receive and process it reliably. Having a mechanism for flow control is essential in an environment where machines of diverse network speeds communicate. For example, if a PC sends data to a smartphone that is slowly processing received data, the https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Flow control TCP uses a sliding window flow control protocol. In each TCP segment, the receiver specifies in the receive window field the amount of additionally received data (in bytes) that it is willing to buffer for the connection. The sending host can send only up to that amount of data before it must wait for an acknowledgment and window update from the receiving 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Flow control 1 When a receiver advertises a window size of 0, the sender stops sending data and starts the persist timer https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Congestion control The final main aspect of TCP is congestion control. TCP uses a number of mechanisms to achieve high performance and avoid congestion collapse, where network performance can fall by several orders of magnitude. These mechanisms control the rate of data entering the network, keeping the data flow below a rate that would trigger collapse. They also yield an 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Congestion control 1 Acknowledgments for data sent, or lack of acknowledgments, are used by senders to infer network conditions between the TCP sender and receiver. Coupled with timers, TCP senders and receivers can alter the behavior of the flow of data. This is more generally referred to as congestion control and/or network congestion avoidance. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Congestion control Modern implementations of TCP contain four intertwined algorithms: Slow-start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recovery (RFC 5681). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Congestion control In addition, senders employ a retransmission timeout (RTO) that is based on the estimated round-trip time (or RTT) between the sender and receiver, as well as the variance in this round trip time 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Congestion control 1 Enhancing TCP to reliably handle loss, minimize errors, manage congestion and go fast in very high-speed environments are ongoing areas of research and standards development. As a result, there are a number of TCP congestion avoidance algorithm variations. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Maximum segment size 1 The maximum segment size (MSS) is the largest amount of data, specified in bytes, that TCP is willing to receive in a single segment https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Maximum segment size 1 MSS announcement is also often called "MSS negotiation" https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Selective acknowledgments Relying purely on the cumulative acknowledgment scheme employed by the original TCP protocol can lead to inefficiencies when packets are lost 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Selective acknowledgments To solve this problem TCP employs the selective acknowledgment (SACK) option, defined in RFC 2018, which allows the receiver to acknowledge discontinuous blocks of packets that were received correctly, in addition to the sequence number of the last contiguous byte received successively, as in the basic TCP acknowledgment 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Selective acknowledgments 1 A TCP sender can interpret an out-of-order packet delivery as a lost packet. If it does so, the TCP sender will retransmit the packet previous to the out-of-order packet and slow its data delivery rate for that connection. The duplicate-SACK option, an extension to the SACK option that was defined in RFC 2883, solves this problem. The TCP receiver sends a D-ACK to indicate that no packets were lost, and the https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Selective acknowledgments 1 The SACK option is not mandatory and it is used only if both parties support it. This is negotiated when connection is established. SACK uses the optional part of the TCP header (see TCP segment structure for details). The use of SACK is widespread — all popular TCP stacks support it. Selective acknowledgment is also used in Stream Control Transmission Protocol https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Window scaling For more efficient use of high bandwidth networks, a larger TCP window size may be used. The TCP window size field controls the flow of data and its value is limited to between 2 and 65,535 bytes. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Window scaling 1 Since the size field cannot be expanded, a scaling factor is used. The TCP window scale option, as defined in RFC 1323, is an option used to increase the maximum window size from 65,535 bytes to 1 gigabyte. Scaling up to larger window sizes is a part of what is necessary for TCP Tuning. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Window scaling 1 The window scale option is used only during the TCP 3-way handshake. The window scale value represents the number of bits to left-shift the 16-bit window size field. The window scale value can be set from 0 (no shift) to 14 for each direction independently. Both sides must send the option in their SYN segments to enable window scaling in either direction. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Window scaling 1 Some routers and packet firewalls rewrite the window scaling factor during a transmission. This causes sending and receiving sides to assume different TCP window sizes. The result is non-stable traffic that may be very slow. The problem is visible on some sites behind a defective router. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP timestamps TCP timestamps, defined in RFC 1323, can help TCP determine in which order packets were sent. TCP timestamps are not normally aligned to the system clock and start at some random value. Many operating systems will increment the timestamp for every elapsed millisecond; however the RFC only states that the ticks should be proportional. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP timestamps 1 a 4-byte echo reply timestamp value (the most recent timestamp received from you). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP timestamps 1 TCP timestamps are used in an algorithm known as Protection Against Wrapped Sequence numbers, or PAWS (see RFC 1323 for details). PAWS is used when the TCP window size exceeds the possible numbers of sequence numbers (232). In the case where a packet was potentially retransmitted it answers the question: "Is this sequence number in the first 4 GB or the second?" And the timestamp is used to https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP timestamps 1 RFC 1323 incorrectly states in section 2.3 that the window scale must be limited to 230 to remain under 1 GB (which is correct, but the sequence number limit is 4 GB); however a scale of 16 and a window size of 65535 would be 65536 less than the 232 possible sequence numbers and thus an acceptable yet excessive value. Because of this error many systems https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP timestamps Also, the Eifel detection algorithm (RFC 3522) uses TCP timestamps to determine if retransmissions are occurring because packets are lost or simply out of order. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Out of band data 1 One is able to interrupt or abort the queued stream instead of waiting for the stream to finish https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Out of band data 1 TCP OOB data was not designed for the modern Internet. The urgent pointer only alters the processing on the remote host and doesn't expedite any processing on the network itself. When it gets to the remote host there are two slightly different interpretations of the protocol, which means only single bytes of OOB data are reliable. This is assuming it is reliable at all as it is one of the least commonly used https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Forcing data delivery 1 Normally, TCP waits for 200 ms or for a full packet of data to send (Nagle's Algorithm tries to group small messages into a single packet). This wait creates small, but potentially serious, delays if repeated constantly during a file transfer. For example, a typical send block would be 4 KB, a typical MSS is 1460, so 2 packets go out on a 10 Mbit/s ethernet taking ~1.2 ms each followed by a third carrying the https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Forcing data delivery 1 In the case of telnet, each user keystroke is echoed back by the server before the user can see it on the screen. This delay would become very annoying. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Forcing data delivery Setting the socket option TCP_NODELAY overrides the default 200 ms send delay. Application programs use this socket option to force output to be sent after writing a character or line of characters. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Forcing data delivery 1 The RFC defines the PSH push bit as "a message to the receiving TCP stack to send this data immediately up to the receiving application". There is no way to indicate or control it in User space using Berkeley sockets and it is controlled by Protocol stack only. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Vulnerabilities 1 TCP may be attacked in a variety of ways. The results of a thorough security assessment of TCP, along with possible mitigations for the identified issues, were published in 2009, and is currently being pursued within the IETF. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Denial of service By using a spoofed IP address and repeatedly sending purposely assembled SYN packets, followed by many ACK packets, attackers can cause the server to consume large amounts of resources keeping track of the bogus connections 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection hijacking 1 An attacker who is able to eavesdrop a TCP session and redirect packets can hijack a TCP connection https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Connection hijacking 1 Impersonating a different IP address was not difficult prior to RFC 1948, when the initial sequence number was easily guessable https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP veto An attacker who can eavesdrop and predict the size of the next packet to be sent can cause the receiver to accept a malicious payload without disrupting the existing connection 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP ports 1 TCP uses port numbers to identify sending and receiving application end-points on a host, or Internet sockets https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP ports 1 Port numbers are categorized into three basic categories: well-known, registered, and dynamic/private https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Development 1 TCP is a complex protocol https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Development 1 The original TCP congestion avoidance algorithm was known as "TCP Tahoe", but many alternative algorithms have since been proposed (including TCP Reno, TCP Vegas, FAST TCP, TCP New Reno, and TCP Hybla). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Development 1 TCP Interactive (iTCP) is a research effort into TCP extensions that allows applications to subscribe to TCP events and register handler components that can launch applications for various purposes, including application-assisted congestion control. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Development 1 Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an ongoing effort within the IETF that aims at allowing a TCP connection to use multiple paths to maximise resource usage and increase redundancy https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Development 1 TCP Cookie Transactions (TCPCT) is an extension proposed in December 2009 to secure servers against denial-of-service attacks. Unlike SYN cookies, TCPCT does not conflict with other TCP extensions such as window scaling. TCPCT was designed due to necessities of DNSSEC, where servers have to handle large numbers of short-lived TCP connections. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Development 1 tcpcrypt is an extension proposed in July 2010 to provide transport-level encryption directly in TCP itself. It is designed to work transparently and not require any configuration. Unlike TLS (SSL), tcpcrypt itself does not provide authentication, but provides simple primitives down to the application to do that. As of 2010, the first tcpcrypt IETF draft has been published and implementations exist for several https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Development TCP Fast Open is an extension to speed up the opening of successive TCP connections between two endpoints. It works by skipping the three-way handshake using a cryptographic "cookie". It is similar to an earlier proposal called T/TCP, which was not widely adopted due to security issues. As of July 2012, it is an IETF Internet draft. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP over wireless networks TCP has been optimized for wired networks 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP over wireless networks 1 A number of alternative congestion control algorithms have been proposed to help solve the wireless problem, such as Vegas, Westwood, Veno and Santa Cruz. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Hardware implementations 1 One way to overcome the processing power requirements of TCP is to build hardware implementations of it, widely known as TCP Offload Engines (TOE). The main problem of TOEs is that they are hard to integrate into computing systems, requiring extensive changes in the Operating System of the computer or device. One company to develop such a device was Alacritech. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Debugging 1 A packet sniffer, which intercepts TCP traffic on a network link, can be useful in debugging networks, network stacks and applications that use TCP by showing the user what packets are passing through a link. Some networking stacks support the SO_DEBUG socket option, which can be enabled on the socket using setsockopt. That option dumps all the packets, TCP states, and events on that socket, which is helpful in debugging. Netstat is another utility that can be used for debugging. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Alternatives For many applications TCP is not appropriate. One problem (at least with normal implementations) is that the application cannot access the packets coming after a lost packet until the retransmitted copy of the lost packet is received. This causes problems for realtime applications such as streaming media, real-time multiplayer games and voice over IP (VoIP) where it is generally 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Alternatives 1 For both historical and performance reasons, most storage area networks (SANs) prefer to use Fibre Channel protocol (FCP) instead of TCP/IP. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Alternatives 1 Also, for embedded systems, network booting, and servers that serve simple requests from huge numbers of clients (e.g. DNS servers) the complexity of TCP can be a problem. Finally, some tricks such as transmitting data between two hosts that are both behind NAT (using STUN or similar systems) are far simpler without a relatively complex protocol like TCP https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Alternatives 1 Generally, where TCP is unsuitable, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is used. This provides the application multiplexing and checksums that TCP does, but does not handle streams or retransmission, giving the application developer the ability to code them in a way suitable for the situation, or to replace them with other methods like forward error correction or interpolation. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Alternatives 1 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is another IP protocol that provides reliable stream oriented services similar to TCP. It is newer and considerably more complex than TCP, and has not yet seen widespread deployment. However, it is especially designed to be used in situations where reliability and near-real-time considerations are important. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Alternatives Venturi Transport Protocol (VTP) is a patented proprietary protocol that is designed to replace TCP transparently to overcome perceived inefficiencies related to wireless data transport. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Alternatives 1 TCP also has issues in high bandwidth environments. The TCP congestion avoidance algorithm works very well for ad-hoc environments where the data sender is not known in advance, but if the environment is predictable, a timing based protocol such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) can avoid TCP's retransmits overhead. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Alternatives Multipurpose Transaction Protocol (MTP/IP) is patented proprietary software that is designed to adaptively achieve high throughput and transaction performance in a wide variety of network conditions, particularly those where TCP is perceived to be inefficient. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP checksum for IPv4 The checksum field is the 16 bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of all 16-bit words in the header and text. If a segment contains an odd number of header and text octets to be checksummed, the last octet is padded on the right with zeros to form a 16-bit word for checksum purposes. The pad is not transmitted as part of the segment. While computing the checksum, the checksum field itself is replaced with zeros. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP checksum for IPv4 In other words, after appropriate padding, all 16-bit words are added using one's complement arithmetic. The sum is then bitwise complemented and inserted as the checksum field. A pseudo-header that mimics the IPv4 packet header used in the checksum computation is shown in the table below. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP checksum for IPv4 1 TCP pseudo-header for checksum computation (IPv4) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP checksum for IPv4 1 96 Source port Destination port https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP checksum for IPv4 1 The source and destination addresses are those of the IPv4 header. The protocol value is 6 for TCP (cf. List of IP protocol numbers). The TCP length field is the length of the TCP header and data (measured in octets). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP checksum for IPv6 1 When TCP runs over IPv6, the method used to compute the checksum is changed, as per RFC 2460: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP checksum for IPv6 Any transport or other upper-layer protocol that includes the addresses from the IP header in its checksum computation must be modified for use over IPv6, to include the 128-bit IPv6 addresses instead of 32-bit IPv4 addresses. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP checksum for IPv6 1 A pseudo-header that mimics the IPv6 header for computation of the checksum is shown below. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP checksum for IPv6 1 320Source portDestination port https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP checksum for IPv6 1 Source address – the one in the IPv6 header https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - TCP checksum for IPv6 Destination address – the final destination; if the IPv6 packet doesn't contain a Routing header, TCP uses the destination address in the IPv6 header, otherwise, at the originating node, it uses the address in the last element of the Routing header, and, at the receiving node, it uses the destination address in the IPv6 header. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Checksum offload Many TCP/IP software stack implementations provide options to use hardware assistance to automatically compute the checksum in the network adapter prior to transmission onto the network or upon reception from the network for validation. This may relieve the OS from using precious CPU cycles calculating the checksum. Hence, 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Checksum offload 1 This feature may cause packet analyzers detecting outbound network traffic upstream of the network adapter that are unaware or uncertain about the use of checksum offload to report invalid checksum in outbound packets. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Further reading 1 Stevens, W. Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. ISBN 0-201-63346-9. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Further reading 1 Stevens, W. Richard; Wright, Gary R. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation. ISBN 0-201-63354-X. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Further reading 1 Stevens, W. Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the UNIX Domain Protocols. ISBN 0-201-63495-3.** https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - RFC 1 RFC 4614 – A Roadmap for TCP Specification Documents https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - RFC 1 RFC 6298 – Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - RFC 1 RFC 6824 - TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple Addresses https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Others 1 Oral history interview with Robert E https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Others John Kristoff's Overview of TCP (Fundamental concepts behind TCP and how it is used to transport data between two endpoints) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Others 1 TCP fast retransmit simulation animated: slow start, sliding window, duplicated Ack, congestion window https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Others 1 Engineer Francesco Buffa's page about Transmission Control Protocol https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html Transmission Control Protocol - Others 1 TCP Sliding Window simulation animated (ns2) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transmission-control-protocol-toolkit.html For More Information, Visit: • https://store.theartofservice.co m/the-transmission-controlprotocol-toolkit.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com