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Home economics 9th grade – 4th partial Evaluation • Project : 20pts. • P PP: 15pts. • Poster: 15 pts. • quiz: 10 pts. • Cooking lab: 10 pts • Exam 30 Sexual education is instruction on issues relating to human sexualityincluding: human sexual anatomy sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights responsibilities abstinence, birth control Sex education can help : prevent the spread of sexual diseases, prevent unwanted pregnancies, form responsible views on own sexual behavior, encourage resistance to group pressure to engage unwanted sexual activities, understanding the difference between male and female views on romantic relations, understanding that sex is part of life of most adults and not something associated with shame and guilt. Young people need to have information on : Sexual development & reproduction - the physical and emotional changes associated with puberty and sexual reproduction, fertilization and conception, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. Contraception & birth control how they work, how people use them. Relationships - what kinds of relationships there are, love and commitment, marriage and partnership and the law relating to sexual behavior and relationships and sexual diversity. • When should sex education start? • Sex education that works starts early, before young people reach puberty, and before they have developed established patterns of behavior. The precise age at which information should be provided depends on the physical, emotional and intellectual development of the young people as well as their level of understanding. • Giving young people basic information from an early age provides the base on which more complex knowledge is built up over time. • They must be informed on how people grow and change over time, and how babies become children and then .They understand more about puberty provided in the pre-teenage years. Does sex education at an early age encourage young people to have sex? Some people are concerned that providing information about sexuality arouses curiosity and can lead to sexual experimentation. However, in a review of 48 studies of comprehensive sex and STD/HIV education programs in US schools, it was found that : •did not increase sexual activity •Some of them reduced sexual activity •increased rates of condom use and other contraceptives HIV and AIDS • HIV stands for the "human immunodeficiency virus." It is a virus that infects humans and leads to problems with their immune system. The immune system is the body's system for fighting disease. The illness alters the immune system, making people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens as the syndrome progresses. • HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal, oral sex, anal sex, blood transfusion, and contaminated hypodermic needles. • AIDS, "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome" is a group of symptoms and diseases associated with the damage HIV does to the immune system. As an HIV infection progresses, there is ongoing damage to immune defense cells and the body becomes less able to fight off infection. Individuals with advanced HIV disease are susceptible to infections that don't show up in people with healthy immune systems. These are opportunistic infections because they take advantage of the weakened ability of an HIV individual to fight off disease. • The virus and the disease are HIV/AIDS. Some will then develop AIDS. Development of numerous opportunistic infections in an AIDS patient can lead to death. • HIV infection causes AIDS to develop. However, it is possible to be infected with HIV without developing AIDS. Without treatment, the HIV infection is allowed to progress and eventually it will develop into AIDS in the vast majority of cases. Early symptomatic HIV infection As the virus continues to multiply and destroy immune cells, you may develop mild infections or chronic signs and symptoms such as: • • • • • • • Fever Fatigue Swollen lymph nodes — often one of the first signs of HIV infection Diarrhea Weight loss Oral yeast infection (thrush) Shingles (herpes zoster) • Progression to AIDS If you receive no treatment for your HIV infection, the disease typically progresses to AIDS in about 10 years. By the time AIDS develops, your immune system has been severely damaged, making you susceptible to opportunistic infections — diseases that wouldn't usually trouble a person with a healthy immune system. The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may include: Soaking night sweats Recurring fever • Chronic diarrhea • unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth • Persistent, unexplained fatigue Weight loss • Skin rashes or bumps HOW CAN HIV PREVENTION BE TRANSMITTED? • The expansion and improvement of HIV and AIDS education around the world is critical to preventing the spread of HIV. There are an estimated 34 million people living with the virus, and each year millions more people become infected. HIV can be transmitted in three main ways: •Sexual transmission •Transmission through blood •Mother-to-child transmission •Breast feeding • HIV prevention needs to reach both people who are at risk of HIV infection and those who are already infected: • People who are already living with HIV need knowledge and support to protect their own health and to ensure that they don’t transmit HIV to others - known as “positive prevention”. Positive prevention has become increasingly important as improvements in treatment have led to a rise in the number of people living with HIV. • Universal prevention measures • HIV counseling and testing are fundamental for HIV prevention.These are universal preventions. People living with HIV are less likely to transmit the virus to others if they know they are infected and if they have received counseling about safer behavior. For example, a pregnant woman who has HIV will not be able to benefit from interventions to protect her child unless her infection is diagnosed. Those who discover they are not infected can also benefit, by receiving counseling on how to remain uninfected. ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT • The usage of antiretroviral treatment is crucial; it makes people living with HIV to enjoy longer, healthier lives, and acts as an incentive for HIV testing. • Studies suggest that HIV-positive people may be less likely to engage in risky behavior if they are enrolled in treatment programs. • A number of studies have shown that an HIV person on antiretroviral treatment with an undetectable viral load has a very low risk of transmitting HIV to someone else. REDUCE RISKS Someone can reduce their risk of becoming infected with HIV during sex by choosing to: •Abstain from sex or delay first sex •Be faithful to one partner or have fewer partners •Condomise, which means using male condoms or female condoms consistently and correctly • STUDY UP TO HERE for quiz Sexual Education • Studies have shown that sex education is more effective at preventing sexually transmitted infections than education abstinence until marriage. • Studies have shown that condoms, if used consistently and correctly, are highly effective at preventing HIV infection. Also there is no evidence that promoting condoms leads to increased sexual activity among young people. What are the obstacles? • It is not easy for people to sustain changes in sexual behavior. • Young people often have difficulty remaining abstinent • condoms are often associated with promiscuity or lack of trust. • Women in male-dominated societies are frequently unable to negotiate condom use. OBSTACLES • Some societies find it difficult to discuss sex openly, and some authorities restrict what subjects can be discussed in the classroom, or in public information campaigns, for moral or religious reasons. This issues include premarital sex, condom use and homosexuality which is illegal or taboo in much of the world. • Marginalization of groups at high risk - such as sex workers and men who have sex with men - can be a major problem to HIV prevention efforts; authorities are often unwilling to give resources to programs directed to them. Drug addiction-EXAM • Several factors may contribute to development of drug addiction and dependence. The main factors are: • Environment. Environmental factors, including your family's beliefs and attitudes and exposure to a peer group that encourages drug use. • Genetics. Once you've started using a drug, the development into addiction may be influenced by inherited (genetic) traits . What Is Drug Addiction? • Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences to the drug addict and those around them. • Drug addiction is a brain disease because the abuse of drugs leads to changes in the structure and function of the brain. • As with other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease, drug addiction can be managed effectively. Yet, it is not uncommon for a person to relapse and begin abusing drugs again • Amphetamines: This group of drugs comes in many forms, from prescription medications Overdose of any of these substances can result in seizure and death. • Anabolic steroids: A group of substances abused by bodybuilders and other athletes.This group of drugs can lead to aggression and paranoia. • Caffeine: coffee, tea and soda drinkers When consumed in excess this substance can be habit forming and produce palpitations, insomnia, tremors, and significant anxiety. • Cannabis: More commonly called marijuana. In addition to the negative effects the drug itself can produce (infertility, paranoia, lack of motivation), the fact that it is commonly mixed with other substances so drug dealers make more money selling the diluted substance or expose the user to more addictive drugs exposes the marijuana user to the dangers associated with those added substances. Examples of ingredients that marijuana is commonly cut with include baby powder, oregano, embalming fluid, opiates, and cocaine. • Cocaine: A drug that tends to stimulate the nervous system, cocaine can be snorted in powder form, smoked when in the form of rocks ("crack" cocaine), or injected when made into a liquid • ECSTASY: this drug tends to create EUPHORIA and an expansive love or desire to nurture others. In overdose, it can increase body temperature to the point of being fatal. • HALLUCINOGENS: LSD and mescaline and certain mushrooms These drugs can be dangerous in their ability to alter the perceptions of the user. For example, a person who is intoxicated with a hallucinogen may perceive danger where there is none and to think that situations that are truly dangerous are not. Those misperceptions can result in dangerous behaviors (like jumping out of a window because the individual thinks they are riding on an elephant that can fly) ABORTION EFFECTS - EXAM • Numerous studies have found an independent association between abortion and breast cancer. the physical mechanism is caused by the sudden change in pregnancy hormones caused by abortion which unnaturally disrupt changes in the breast tissue which are taking place in early pregnancy. • Women who abort are approximately four times more likely to die in the following year than women who carry their pregnancies to term.The researchers found out that compared to women who carried to term, women who aborted in the year prior to their deaths were more likely to die of natural causes, more likely to die of suicide, or from injuries related to accidents, or from homicide. • Researchers believe the higher rate of deaths related to accidents and homicide may be linked to higher rates of suicidal or risk-taking behavior. • The leading causes of abortion related maternal deaths within a week of the surgery are hemorrhage, infection, anesthesia, and undiagnosed ectopic pregnancies. ABORTION COMPLICATIONS "Minor" complications include: • minor infections, bleeding, fevers, • chronic abdominal pain, • gastro-intestinal disturbances, • Vomiting The most common "major" complications are: • infection • excessive bleeding • ripping or perforation of the uterus, • anesthesia complications • convulsions, • hemorrhage • cervical injury PSCHYCOLOGICAL EFFECTS • Temporary feelings of relief are followed by a period of emotional "paralysis," or postabortion "numbness.“ • Within 8 weeks after their abortions : • 55% expressed guilt, • 44% complained of nervous disorders, • 36% had experienced sleep disturbances, • 31% had regrets about their decision • 10 percent were classified as having developed "serious psychiatric complications.“ • Thirty to fifty percent of aborted women report experiencing sexual dysfunctions, of both short and long duration, beginning immediately after their abortions. EFFECTS • • • • • • • • • • • • depression, loss of self-esteem, self-destructive behavior memory loss, chronic problems with relationships, dramatic personality changes, anxiety attacks, guilt and remorse, increased tendency toward violence chronic crying, difficulty concentrating loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities and people difficulty bonding with later children.