Download Sexual education

Home economics
9th grade – 4th partial
Evaluation
• Project : 20pts.
• P PP: 15pts.
• Poster: 15 pts.
• quiz: 10 pts.
• Cooking lab: 10 pts
• Exam
30
Sexual education is instruction on issues relating
to human sexualityincluding:
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human sexual anatomy
sexual reproduction,
sexual intercourse,
reproductive health,
emotional relations,
reproductive rights
responsibilities
abstinence,
birth control
Sex education can help :
prevent the spread of sexual diseases,
prevent unwanted pregnancies,
 form responsible views on own sexual behavior,
 encourage resistance to group pressure to
engage unwanted sexual activities,
 understanding the difference between male and
female views on romantic relations,
 understanding that sex is part of life of most
adults and not something associated with
shame and guilt.
Young people need to have information on :
 Sexual development & reproduction - the physical
and emotional changes associated with puberty and
sexual reproduction,
 fertilization and conception,
 sexually transmitted diseases and HIV.
 Contraception & birth control
how they work, how people use them.
 Relationships - what kinds of relationships there are,
love and commitment, marriage and partnership and
the law relating to sexual behavior and relationships
and sexual diversity.
• When should sex education start?
• Sex education that works starts early, before
young people reach puberty, and before they
have developed established patterns of behavior.
The precise age at which information should be
provided depends on the physical, emotional and
intellectual development of the young people as
well as their level of understanding.
• Giving young people basic information from an
early age provides the base on which more
complex knowledge is built up over time.
• They must be informed on how people grow and
change over time, and how babies become
children and then .They understand more about
puberty provided in the pre-teenage years.
Does sex education at an early age encourage
young people to have sex?
Some people are concerned that providing information
about sexuality arouses curiosity and can lead to
sexual experimentation. However, in a review of 48
studies of comprehensive sex and STD/HIV education
programs in US schools, it was found that :
•did not increase sexual activity
•Some of them reduced sexual activity
•increased rates of condom use and other
contraceptives
HIV and AIDS
• HIV stands for the "human immunodeficiency virus." It is a
virus that infects humans and leads to problems with their
immune system. The immune system is the body's system for
fighting disease. The illness alters the immune system,
making people much more vulnerable to infections and
diseases. This susceptibility worsens as the syndrome
progresses.
• HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal, oral
sex, anal sex, blood transfusion, and contaminated
hypodermic needles.
• AIDS, "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome" is a group of
symptoms and diseases associated with the damage HIV does to
the immune system. As an HIV infection progresses, there is
ongoing damage to immune defense cells and the body becomes
less able to fight off infection. Individuals with advanced HIV
disease are susceptible to infections that don't show up in people
with healthy immune systems. These are opportunistic infections
because they take advantage of the weakened ability of an HIV
individual to fight off disease.
• The virus and the disease are HIV/AIDS. Some will then develop
AIDS. Development of numerous opportunistic infections in an
AIDS patient can lead to death.
• HIV infection causes AIDS to develop.
However, it is possible to be infected with HIV
without developing AIDS. Without treatment,
the HIV infection is allowed to progress and
eventually it will develop into AIDS in the vast
majority of cases.
Early symptomatic HIV infection
As the virus continues to multiply and destroy immune cells, you may
develop mild infections or chronic signs and symptoms such as:
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Fever
Fatigue
Swollen lymph nodes — often one of the first signs of HIV infection
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Oral yeast infection (thrush)
Shingles (herpes zoster)
• Progression to AIDS
If you receive no treatment for your HIV infection, the disease
typically progresses to AIDS in about 10 years. By the time AIDS
develops, your immune system has been severely damaged,
making you susceptible to opportunistic infections — diseases
that wouldn't usually trouble a person with a healthy immune
system.
The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may
include:
Soaking night sweats
Recurring fever
• Chronic diarrhea
• unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth
• Persistent, unexplained fatigue
Weight loss
• Skin rashes or bumps
HOW CAN HIV PREVENTION BE TRANSMITTED?
• The expansion and improvement of HIV and AIDS
education around the world is critical to preventing the
spread of HIV. There are an estimated 34 million
people living with the virus, and each year millions
more people become infected.
HIV can be transmitted in three main ways:
•Sexual transmission
•Transmission through blood
•Mother-to-child transmission
•Breast feeding
• HIV prevention needs to reach both people
who are at risk of HIV infection and those who
are already infected:
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People who are already living with HIV
need knowledge and support to protect their
own health and to ensure that they don’t
transmit HIV to others - known as “positive
prevention”. Positive prevention has become
increasingly important as improvements in
treatment have led to a rise in the number of
people living with HIV.
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Universal prevention measures
• HIV counseling and testing are fundamental for
HIV prevention.These are universal preventions.
People living with HIV are less likely to
transmit the virus to others if they know they are
infected and if they have received counseling about
safer behavior. For example, a pregnant woman
who has HIV will not be able to benefit from
interventions to protect her child unless her
infection is diagnosed.
Those who discover they are not infected can also
benefit, by receiving counseling on how to remain
uninfected.
ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT
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The usage of antiretroviral treatment is
crucial; it makes people living with HIV to enjoy
longer, healthier lives, and acts as an incentive for
HIV testing.
• Studies suggest that HIV-positive people may be
less likely to engage in risky behavior if they are
enrolled in treatment programs.
• A number of studies have shown that an HIV
person on antiretroviral treatment with an
undetectable viral load has a very low risk of
transmitting HIV to someone else.
REDUCE RISKS
Someone can reduce their risk of becoming
infected with HIV during sex by choosing to:
•Abstain from sex or delay first sex
•Be faithful to one partner or have fewer partners
•Condomise, which means using male condoms
or female condoms consistently and correctly
• STUDY UP TO HERE for quiz
Sexual Education
• Studies have shown that sex education is
more effective at preventing sexually
transmitted infections than education
abstinence until marriage.
• Studies have shown that condoms, if used
consistently and correctly, are highly effective
at preventing HIV infection. Also there is no
evidence that promoting condoms leads to
increased sexual activity among young people.
What are the obstacles?
• It is not easy for people to sustain changes in
sexual behavior.
• Young people often have difficulty remaining
abstinent
• condoms are often associated with
promiscuity or lack of trust.
• Women in male-dominated societies are
frequently unable to negotiate condom use.
OBSTACLES
• Some societies find it difficult to discuss sex openly, and
some authorities restrict what subjects can be discussed in
the classroom, or in public information campaigns, for
moral or religious reasons. This issues include premarital
sex, condom use and homosexuality which is illegal or
taboo in much of the world.
• Marginalization of groups at high risk - such as sex workers
and men who have sex with men - can be a major problem
to HIV prevention efforts; authorities are often unwilling to
give resources to programs directed to them.
Drug addiction-EXAM
• Several factors may contribute to development of
drug addiction and dependence. The main factors
are:
• Environment. Environmental factors, including
your family's beliefs and attitudes and exposure
to a peer group that encourages drug use.
• Genetics. Once you've started using a drug, the
development into addiction may be influenced by
inherited (genetic) traits .
What Is Drug Addiction?
• Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease that
causes compulsive drug seeking and use,
despite harmful consequences to the drug
addict and those around them.
• Drug addiction is a brain disease because the
abuse of drugs leads to changes in the
structure and function of the brain.
• As with other chronic diseases, such
as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease, drug
addiction can be managed effectively. Yet, it is
not uncommon for a person to relapse and
begin abusing drugs again
• Amphetamines: This group of drugs comes in
many forms, from prescription medications
Overdose of any of these substances can result
in seizure and death.
• Anabolic steroids: A group of substances abused
by bodybuilders and other athletes.This group of
drugs can lead to aggression and paranoia.
• Caffeine: coffee, tea and soda drinkers
When consumed in excess this substance can be
habit forming and
produce palpitations, insomnia, tremors, and
significant anxiety.
• Cannabis: More commonly called marijuana. In addition to
the negative effects the drug itself can produce (infertility,
paranoia, lack of motivation), the fact that it is commonly
mixed with other substances so drug dealers make more
money selling the diluted substance or expose the user to
more addictive drugs exposes the marijuana user to the
dangers associated with those added substances. Examples
of ingredients that marijuana is commonly cut with include
baby powder, oregano, embalming fluid, opiates, and
cocaine.
• Cocaine: A drug that tends to stimulate the nervous
system, cocaine can be snorted in powder form, smoked
when in the form of rocks ("crack" cocaine), or injected
when made into a liquid
• ECSTASY: this drug tends to create EUPHORIA and an
expansive love or desire to nurture others. In overdose, it
can increase body temperature to the point of being fatal.
• HALLUCINOGENS: LSD and mescaline and certain
mushrooms
These drugs can be dangerous in their ability to alter the
perceptions of the user. For example, a person who is
intoxicated with a hallucinogen may perceive danger where
there is none and to think that situations that are truly
dangerous are not. Those misperceptions can result in
dangerous behaviors (like jumping out of a window because
the individual thinks they are riding on an elephant that can
fly)
ABORTION EFFECTS - EXAM
• Numerous studies have found an independent
association between abortion and breast
cancer. the physical mechanism is caused by
the sudden change in pregnancy hormones
caused by abortion which unnaturally disrupt
changes in the breast tissue which are taking
place in early pregnancy.
• Women who abort are approximately four
times more likely to die in the following year
than women who carry their pregnancies to
term.The researchers found out that
compared to women who carried to term,
women who aborted in the year prior to their
deaths were more likely to die of natural
causes, more likely to die of suicide, or from
injuries related to accidents, or from
homicide.
• Researchers believe the higher rate of deaths
related to accidents and homicide may be
linked to higher rates of suicidal or risk-taking
behavior.
• The leading causes of abortion related
maternal deaths within a week of the surgery
are hemorrhage, infection, anesthesia, and
undiagnosed ectopic pregnancies.
ABORTION COMPLICATIONS
"Minor" complications include:
• minor infections, bleeding, fevers,
• chronic abdominal pain,
• gastro-intestinal disturbances,
• Vomiting
The most common "major" complications are:
• infection
• excessive bleeding
• ripping or perforation of the uterus,
• anesthesia complications
• convulsions,
• hemorrhage
• cervical injury
PSCHYCOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• Temporary feelings of relief are followed by a
period of emotional "paralysis," or postabortion "numbness.“
• Within 8 weeks after their abortions :
• 55% expressed guilt,
• 44% complained of nervous disorders,
• 36% had experienced sleep disturbances,
• 31% had regrets about their decision
• 10 percent were classified as having
developed "serious psychiatric complications.“
• Thirty to fifty percent of aborted women
report experiencing sexual dysfunctions, of
both short and long duration, beginning
immediately after their abortions.
EFFECTS
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depression, loss of self-esteem,
self-destructive behavior
memory loss,
chronic problems with relationships,
dramatic personality changes,
anxiety attacks,
guilt and remorse,
increased tendency toward violence
chronic crying,
difficulty concentrating
loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities and people
difficulty bonding with later children.