Download 7th Benchmark Review

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7
Benchmark Review
1a. What is rotation?
• Earth spinning on its axis (takes 24 hrs for a
complete rotation).
1b. What is revolution?
Earth’s orbit around the sun (it takes 365 ¼
days to complete one revolution)
1c. What is the magnetic field and
why is it important? How is it made?
• A protective layer of charged particles
surrounding the earth. It is important because
it protects us from harmful particles from the
sun (CME’s- coronal mass ejections). It is made
by the liquid iron found in Earth’s outer core.
1d. How does the density (mass) of a
planet affect the weight of a traveler
on it?
• The larger (more dense) the planet, the greater its
gravitational pull. The greater the gravitational pull,
the higher your weight (a measure of gravity’s pull
on you) is. You will weigh more on larger (more
dense) planets because of increased gravitational
pull.
1e. What causes day and night?
• Day occurs when you are facing the sun,
then the earth rotates on its axis and you are
facing away from the sun, this is called night.
Earth’s rotation causes day and night to
occur.
1f. What causes the seasons?
• Earth’s tilted axis causes earth to be tilted towards
the sun or away from the sun as it orbits the sun.
When the northern hemisphere is tilted towards
the sun, it is getting direct light and longer hours of
day light, this increases the temperature and you
get summer. When the northern hemisphere is
tilted away from the sun, there is indirect light,
fewer hours of sunlight and colder temperatures,
this is winter.
1g. Are seasons the same for the
northern and southern hemisphere?
• Seasons are opposite for the northern and southern
hemispheres. (for example: our spring is Australia’s fall) See
picture above.
2a. Compare and contrast rocks
and minerals
• Minerals must be 1. Solid, 2. Inorganic (no living/once living
pieces like fossils or shells), 3. Have a specific chemical
recipe, 4. Have a crystal (repeating atom pattern) structure,
5. Must be naturally made.
• Rocks can have organic material, don’t have a crystal
structure, don’t have a specific recipe.
2b. What are the stages of the rock
cycle and how does it change form?
2c. How do layers of rocks tell us
about their age?
• Older rocks are generally found at the bottom of an
undisturbed layer of rocks. Rocks found at the same level
are the same age. Sea life fossils can be lifted high into the
mountains when plates shift around and erosion exposes
them.
2d. What four pieces of evidence do we
have to support the theory of continental
drift?
• These four clues tell us the continents were once
connected and used to be in different places around the
globe.
• Matching animal fossils on different continents
• Matching plant fossils on different continents
• Climate clues (glacier scrapes in Africa and tropical plant fossils
in Antarctica)
• Matching rock formations (mountain ranges) on different
continents
2e. What is physical and chemical
weathering and what are some
examples?
• Chemical weathering: breaking down rocks through
chemical changes (dissolving the chemical bonds)
• examples: acid rain, water (dissolving), oxygen (rust),
carbon dioxide (dissolving), living organisms (dissolving)
• Physical weathering: Rocks are physically broken
into smaller pieces.
• Examples: freezing and thawing, plant growth, animals
burrowing, friction and impact, temperature change.
2f. What is eroding and what are
some examples?
• Erosion is the removal of rocks. Rocks can be removed by
the following processes: wind, gravity, water
(streams/rivers/oceans), or glacial movement (ice)
2g. Where do volcanoes and
earthquakes commonly occur?
• Most commonly occur along plate boundaries (edges)
because that’s where the plates shift and move against each
other. The largest area of volcano and earthquakes are the
Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean.
3a. What are the five
characteristics of all living things?
• Made of cells, grow and develop, respond to environment,
reproduce, and use energy
3b. What are the first five levels of
organization?
• Cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
3c. Compare and contrast plant,
animal and bacterial cells.
• Plant and animal cells have a nucleus (eukaryotic), bacteria
cells are much smaller and have no nucleus (prokaryotic)
3d. Compare and contrast
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Prokaryotic – no nucleus, Eukaryotic –has a nucleus and
other membrane bound organelles
3e. What are some examples of
inherited traits?
• Freckles, rolling tongue, skin color, eye color
3f. Be able to do a Punnett square
• Heterozygous (Bb), Homozygous (BB or bb). Genotype are
the genes for a trait (BB), Phenotype is the physical
appearance of a trait (brown eyes)
3g. How is an organism able to
start growing at only one cell big?
• Cell will undergo mitosis to make more cells.
3h. Compare and contrast sexual
and asexual reproduction.