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Name: ________________ Period:__________ Cell Cycle, DNA Replication and Mitosis Notes Reasons why cells divide: 1. _______________________ 2. _______________________ 3. _______________________ Cell Size Limitations Ratio of surface area to volume Smaller cells can transport substances more easily Diffusion is inefficient over ___________distances Cytoskeleton _______efficient when cells are larger Cellular communication ________efficient in smaller cells The Cell Cycle • Three main stages of the cell cycle: • __________________stage during which the cells grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates its DNA. • __________________the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide; has four sub stages. • __________________cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating two new cells. The Cell Cycle is the series of events that take place in a ______ leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. The Cell Cycle __________________________cells divide via the cell cycle. ____________________________cells divide via binary fission. 1 Cell Cycle The sequence of growth and _________________of a cell An average cycle may be ________ hours Two general periods: 1. growth phase 2. division phase INTERPHASE (GROWTH P HASE) Most of the cell’s life is spent in interphase __________phase –(_______% of cell’s growth) ____________– help to organize cell division ____________– DNA bound protein within the nucleus State Description Interphase Gap 1 Growth Phase G1 Gap 0 Resting Phase G0 1. If cells don’t go into this phase it could cause cancer (tumor) Synthesis DNA is Made S 1. Chromosomes are replicated 2. New DNA molecules are made. Gap 2 G2 1. Shortest phase 2. Prepares cell for mitosis Mitosis M Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase Interphase Cell division Abbreviation 1. Increase in size. 2. Makes new proteins and organelles. Not a part of Interphase _______________ –Cell Division _________________ Division on the cytoplasm (2 new cells) 2 Scientists Oswald Avery Discovery Discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next Erwin Chargaff Discovered a relationship in the nitrogenous bases Adenine (A) = Thymine (T) Guanine (G) = Cytosine (C) Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase Concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein. Used radioactive phosphorous and sulfur. Rosalind Franklin Took an x-ray of the DNA structure so the patterns could be seen. The x-rays show that DNA is twisted around each other like a helix and has two strands. James Watson and Francis Crick Watson and Crick proposed that DNA is made up of 2 chains of nucleotides held together by nitrogenous bases & that the 2 strands are twisted together in a shape called a double helix. Year What is the name of this monomer? What is the name of the polymer or macromolecule to which this monomer belongs? DNA is a ______________________ made up of repeating _______________________ of nucleotides. DNA determines an organism’s traits by controlling the manufacturing of proteins. The sequencing of nucleotides forms________________________ genetic information. 3 Order from smallest to largest DNA Double Helix-_______________-Coils-Supercoils-_______________ The nucleus of a cell contains ____________________________ Which are made up of ____________________ _______________________ Eukaryotic chromosomes contain _________ wrapped around proteins called _____________________ Each strand of DNA is made up of subunits called ______________________ Each nucleotide is constructed of 3 parts: a ___________ group, a ___________ molecule 1 of 4 ___________ bases Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T DNA Replication ______________ Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA DNA molecule separates into ______ strands, then produces _____ new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a _______________ for the new strand Enzymes _____________unzip DNA by breaking the _____________ ____________between the base pairs, which produces two replication forks 4 DNA polymerase Joins individual _____________ to make a new strand Proofreads each new strand Joins the hydrogen bonds ______________; Enzyme creating the covalent bond that connect the sugar phosphate backbone. Because of the _____________ ___________, A_________________ can only bond with T____________________ & G___________________ can only bond with C___________________ ***A purine is always paired with a pyrimidine*** This is known as ____________________________________ G₂ Phase G₂ – final cell growth 1. _________ phase 2. Prepares cell for mitosis 3. _________ for no mistakes in the ______________ 4. Repairs any Mistakes Mitosis The making of Body Cells (_______________________) Terms To Know __________________ – contains genetic information (DNA) passed from one generation to the next ________________ – microtubule that helps separate chromosomes ________________ - center of chromosome 5 __________________ - two identical “sister” parts of the chromosome 4 Phases of Mitosis (PMAT) 1) Prophase 2) Metaphase 3) Anaphase 4) Telophase All cell cycle I (interphase) Passed (prophase) My (metaphase) Algebra (anaphase) Test (telophase) Corrections (cytokinesis) Mitosis only Passed (prophase) My (metaphase) Algebra (anaphase) Test (telophase) Cytokinesis Animal cells The cell membrane is drawn inward forming a ______________________until the cytoplasm is pinched into 2 nearly equal parts Plant cells A ____________________ gradually develops into a separating membrane. 6 Cancer _________________ is a disorder where the cell has __________________________. (Does not go into the G0 phase) Cancer cells do ________ respond to regulators that control timing of cell cycle (cyclins). This causes the cells to form ____________ called ___________, which can damage surrounding tissues. Growing out of control, cancer cells produce ______________________________ Cancer cells _____________ respond normally to the cell cycle control system Divide excessively Can invade other tissues May kill the organism If an abnormal cell avoids destruction by the immune system, it may form a tumor ______________: abnormal cells remain at original site ______________: abnormal cells can spread to other tissues and parts of the body ______________: spread of cancer cells through the circulatory system Cancers are named according to location of origin Carcinoma: external or internal body coverings Sarcoma: tissues that support the body Leukemia and lymphoma: blood-forming tissues Radiation and chemotherapy are effective as cancer treatments because they interfere with ___________________ 7 Aka: ____________________________________ 8