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Adjectives and Adverbs • An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or a pronoun. Extraordinary weather can cause strange events. ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE Adjectives help you see, feel, taste, hear, and smell all the experiences you read about. Notice how adjectives make the second sentence in this pair more descriptive. During a storm, a boat capsized in the waves. During a violent storm, a large boat capsized in the enormous waves. Adjectives answer the questions what kind, which one, how many, and how much. Adjectives What kind? a sudden blizzard a brisk wind a destructive flood Which one or ones? the first warning the Mexican earthquake the last weather report How many or how much? several tornadoes a few drifts more ice Predicate Adjectives • A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the verb’s subject. The linking verb connects the predicate adjective with the subject. Some people are extraordinary. \ SUBJECT \ \ LINKING VERB \ \ PREDICATE ADJECTIVE / \ They are very energetic or calm. Predicate adjectives can follow linking verbs other than forms of be. Forms of taste, smell, feel, look, become, and seem are often used as linking verbs. You usually feel lucky to know such a person. \ SUBJECT \ LINKING VERB \ PREDICATE ADJECTIVE Other Words Used as Adjectives In addition to their usual uses, many pronouns and nouns can be used as adjectives. They can modify nouns to make their meanings more specific. Pronouns as Adjectives Demonstrative Pronouns This, that, these, and those are demonstrative pronouns that can be used as adjectives. This fingerprint is a loop. That fingerprint is a whorl. Possessive Pronouns My, our, your, her, his, its, and there are possessive pronouns that are used as adjectives. My thumbprint is a double loop, but your thumbprint is a tented arch. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns such as all, each, both, few, most, and some can be used as adjectives. All fingerprints fit one of seven patterns. But each fingerprint is unique. What is an Adverb? An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Teenagers often make a unique impressions. ADVERB / \ VERB They wear very creative clothing. ADVERB / \ ADJECTIVE They nearly always have their own way of talking. \ ADVERBS / Adverbs answer the questions how, when, where, or to what extent. Adverbs How? When? Where? To what extent? successfully soon inside nearly quietly later close completely terribly now together quite Adverbs can appear in several different positions. Shari completed the exam quickly. (after verb) Shari quickly completed the exam. (before verb) Quickly, Shari completed the exam.(beginning of sentence) Intensifiers are adverbs that modify adjectives or other adverbs. They are usually placed directly before the word they modify. Intensifiers usually answer the question to what extent. How does Shari work so quickly? Intensifiers almost especially extremely quite nearly really so too usually very Forming Adverbs Many adverbs are formed by adding the suffix –ly to adjectives. Sometimes a base word’s spelling changes when –ly is added. ADJECTIVE RULE ADVERB strong Add –ly strongly true Drop –e, add -ly truly happy Change –ly to –I, add -ly happily Making Comparisons Special forms of modifiers are used to make comparisons. • Use the comparative form of an adjective or adverb when you compare a person or thing with one other person or thing. Earth is larger than Venus. Earth orbits the sun more slowly than Venus. • Use the superlative form of an adjective or adverb when you compare someone or something with more than one other person or thing. Which of the four inner planets is the hottest? Which of the five outer planets rotates most quickly? Regular Forms of Comparisons For most one-syllable modifiers, add –er to form the comparative and –est to form the superlative. One-Syllable Modifiers Base Form Adjective light slow Adverb close soon Comparative lighter slower closer sooner Superlative lightest slowest closest soonest You can also add –er and –est to some twosyllable adjectives, and with all two-syllable adverbs, use the words more and most. Two-Syllable Modifiers Adjectives Adverbs Bases Form Comparative Superlative windy massive brightly quickly windier more massive more brightly more quickly windiest most massive most brightly most quickly With adjectives and adverbs having three or more syllables, use more and most. Three-Syllable Modifiers Base Form Adjectives successful mysterious Adverbs awkwardly eloquently Comparative more successful more mysterious more awkwardly more eloquently Superlative most successful most mysterious most awkwardly most eloquently *** Use only one sign of comparison at a time. Don’t use more and –er or most and –est together. INCORRECT: Earth is the most greenest planet. CORRECT: Earth is the greenest planet. Irregular Forms of Comparisons The comparatives and superlatives of some adjectives and adverbs are formed in irregular ways. Adjectives Adverbs Base Form good bad much little well Comparative better worse more less better Superlative best worst most least best Adjective or Adverb? Some pairs of adjectives and adverbs are often a source of confusion and mistakes in speaking and writing. Good or Well Good is always an adjective; it modifies a noun or pronoun. Well is usually an adverb, modifying a verb, an adverb, or an adjective. Well is an adjective when it refers to health. Poetry is a good way to express your individuality. / ADJECTIVE \ NOUN Good poems can communicate ideas well. / VERB \ ADVERB You can write poems even when you don’t feel well. / PRONOUN \ ADJECTIVE Real or Really Real is always an adjective; it modifies a noun or pronoun. Really is always an adverb; it modifies a verb, an adverb, or an adjective. Reciting poetry is a real talent. / ADJECTIVE \ NOUN If you really work at it, you can become good at it. / ADVERB \ VERB Bad or Badly Bad is always an adjective; it modifies a noun or pronoun. Badly is always an adverb; it modifies a verb, an adverb, or an adjective. That wasn’t a bad poem, but you read it badly. / ADJECTIVE \ NOUN / VERB Oh, I feel bad about that. / PRONOUN \ ADJECTIVE \ ADVERB AVOIDING DOUBLE NEGATIVES A negative word is a word that implies that something does not exist or happen. Some common negative words are listed below. Common Negative Words barely never none nothing can’t hardly no no one nowhere don’t neither nobody not scarcely hasn’t If two negative words are used where only one is needed, the result is a double negative. Avoid double negatives in your speaking or writing. NONSTANDARD: You don’t have no business climbing Mt. Rushmore. STANDARD: You don’t have any business climbing Mt. Rushmore. You have no business climbing Mt. Rushmore.