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Name__________________________________________________Hour______Date________________ _ Chapter 20 Geography and Early History of Latin America Section 1: The Shape of Land 1. The term Latin America refers to the lands of the Western Hemisphere that were influenced by 2. The word Latin refers to the language that is a common root for 3. The vast area of Latin America has two main sub-regions: 4. The area in the Northern Hemisphere that includes Mexico, the 7 nations of , and 13 island nations and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean makes up the region of 5. Much of South America lies in the and includes independent countries and two foreign-ruled territories, the 6. Much of Latin America consists of 7. In Mexico, the mountains split into two ranges: the 8. Running the length of western South America are the snowcapped 9. Along the mountains of Latin America pressure builds up deep inside the Earth and causes frequent 10. A lowland area in South America is one of the largest in the world. It occupies 40 percent of the continent and has the world’s largest rain 11. Another major lowland is the . It is called the , which stretch from Argentina into 12. Grassy plains region of southern South America is the 13. The pampas is one of the most productive regions in Latin America. 14. South America has three major river systems that provide important . The three rivers are the mighty 15. The hot, humid climate around the Amazon as well as seasonal and thick vegetation made settlement difficult until the 19 16. Also carving a path through the rain forest is the the Guiana Highlands to the 17. The . It flows from Ocean. , or River of Silver, forms the border between Uruguay and 18. The world’s second busiest port, , is located on the mouth of the Section 2: Climates and People 19. Three-fourths of Latin America lies in the , but the climates vary 20. In much of Latin America, the chief influence on climate is 21. Within a single country, the climate can vary 22. The climate closest to sea level is called or the 23. In the tierra caliente, tropical crops such as 24. The next zone of elevated climates is the or the temperate (mild) land. The two crops that thrive in this zone are 25. The highest elevations are found in the zone called or . Farmers who live in this zone grow 26. Some Latin American countries have abundant supplies of , especially the two countries of 27. The economies of many Latin America countries depend on the export of cash crops such as 28. In addition, the rain forests of Brazil and Central America provide the world with 29. Before Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, about Native Americans lived in the 30. After 1492, Europeans began to . They included 31. Many Spanish and Portuguese settlers married . Their children formed a new ethnic group called 32. People of mixed European and Native American ancestry are called 33. During the 1800s, thousands of Asians 34. Many Italians went to 35. Many people in Latin America trace their roots to . Between 1500 and 1800 slave traders carried millions of 36. The countries that are mostly mestìzo are 37. The countries that are mostly Native American are 38. The countries that have large populations with African heritage are 39. The countries that have large numbers of European peoples are 40. In Latin America, people are concentrated in 41. In an effort to get people to move to the interior of their country, Brazil built a new capital called far from the coast. 42. Only about the United States there is 43. Through percent of the land in Latin America is arable (farmable) land. In percent of the country that is arable. , people have created farmland in areas. In these irrigated lands, farmers produce crops of 44. Developers in Central America and Brazil have cleared areas of the farming. Like in tropical Africa, however, the soil isn’t fertile because of for Section 3: Early Civilizations THE FIRST AMERICANS 45. About 50,000 years ago, nomadic people migrated from 46. The earliest Americans lived by 47. About 5,000 years ago, people in Mexico began to .The crop they grew 48. Maize was the native word for 49. Farming allowed people to give up their nomadic way of life and THE MAYAS 50. The ancient Mayas lived in the dense, lowland 51. The Mayan civilization reached its peak between A.D. 52. Maya farmers cleared the dense forests and then built platforms caught and held . These . The system worked so well that farmers produced enough to feed cities that had as many as 53. The Mayas had no single, unified . Each Maya city-state had its own 54. The king was the most important 55. Below the king were: a. Nobles and b. Artisans and c. P d. S 56. Mayas believed that gods controlled the powerful such as storms, 57. At the center of Maya cities were huge built to honor different 58. Maya cities had a large rectangular stone court that was used for a ball game called 59. Like modern basketball, the game involved sending a ball through 60. The magnificent buildings the Mayas erected are proof of their 61. Maya priests developed a system of 62. The priests developed a , using that was the most accurate one in the world at the time. 63. The Maya priests also developed complex 64. Maya cities began to decline in about including the use of 65. Scientists don’t know why Maya city-states disappeared but they do know that Maya other people, from THE AZTECS 66. Long after the Maya cities had declined, the built and advanced civilization to the of Maya lands. 67. The Aztec capital was which today is (p.448) 68. The Aztecs had only one who was chosen by a small group of 69. When the Aztecs defeated a nation, they left its rulers in place but the defeated nation had to pay tribute to the Aztecs in the form of 70. By 1500, the Aztecs were collecting tribute from about 71. As the Aztecs expanded, they took thousands of . they kept some captives as slaves, but they 72. The slaughter of captives made the Aztecs 73. Among the chief Aztec gods was , who they believed had brought maize 74. Quetzalcoatl had once taken human form. He had skin and a . He vowed to return and sailed off to the 75. At the heart of the Aztec empire was the bustling city of home to . It was , making it the largest 76. The Aztecs were among the first people to 77. An Aztec woman could own and she could THE GREAT EMPIRES FALL 78. Far to the south of the Aztec Empire lay the powerful 79. From their capital at , the Incas built a vast empire in the fertile 80. By the late 1400s, the Inca Empire stretched miles across what is today 81. The Incas learned to build complex that channeled water from mountain streams into the 82. They carved on steep mountains and used fertilizer to grow huge crops of 83. Like the Mayas and the Aztecs, the Incas worshipped many . Chief among them was the 84. The word “Inca” means 85. The center of Inca worship was the Temple of the covered the temple walls, flaming in the . Sheets of 86. The Inca emperor owned all the 87. To keep order in their empire, the Incas improved and extended . They used the roads and relay runners to move information as much as in one day. 88. Conquistadors followed to the Americas. 89. A Spanish conqueror is called a 90. The conquistadors fanned out across Middle America and South America, hunting for the 91. Many Catholic priests went with the They set out to convert the Native Americans they found to 92. Hernando landed on the coast of in 1519. 93. Within two years the Spanish destroyed the 94. The factors that helped Cortes and the Spanish were: a. Montezuma believed b. Cortes won c. Smallpox and other diseases d. The Aztecs were afraid of 95. Francisco landed in 1532 on the coast of 96. Pizarro used trickery to capture . , the Incan emperor. Pizarro killed Atahualpa and by 1535 he controlled the 97. Intent on gaining riches and converting the Native Americans, destroyed much of the material wealth of the 98. Throughout the Americas, Native Americans 99. Native Americans who survived the conquest preserved much of their 100. Today millions of people in Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia speak language of the Cortes Montezuma Pizarro , the