Download Guided Reading Chapter 20 - Mr. B

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Chapter 20 Geography and Early History of Latin America
Section 1: The Shape of Land
1. The term Latin America refers to the lands of the Western Hemisphere that were influenced by
2. The word Latin refers to the language that is a common root for
3. The vast area of Latin America has two main sub-regions:
4. The area in the Northern Hemisphere that includes Mexico, the 7 nations of
, and 13 island nations and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean makes up the region of
5. Much of South America lies in the
and includes
independent countries and two foreign-ruled territories, the
6. Much of Latin America consists of
7. In Mexico, the mountains split into two ranges: the
8. Running the length of western South America are the snowcapped
9. Along the mountains of Latin America pressure builds up deep inside the Earth and causes
frequent
10. A lowland area in South America is one of the largest in the world. It occupies 40 percent of the
continent and has the world’s largest rain
11. Another major lowland is the
. It is called the
, which stretch from Argentina into
12. Grassy plains region of southern South America is the
13. The pampas is one of the most productive
regions in Latin America.
14. South America has three major river systems that provide important
. The three rivers are the mighty
15. The hot, humid climate around the Amazon as well as seasonal
and
thick vegetation made settlement difficult until the 19
16. Also carving a path through the rain forest is the
the Guiana Highlands to the
17. The
. It flows from
Ocean.
, or River of Silver, forms the border between Uruguay and
18. The world’s second busiest port,
, is located on the
mouth of the
Section 2: Climates and People
19. Three-fourths of Latin America lies in the
, but the climates vary
20. In much of Latin America, the chief influence on climate is
21. Within a single country, the climate can vary
22. The climate closest to sea level is called
or the
23. In the tierra caliente, tropical crops such as
24. The next zone of elevated climates is the
or the temperate (mild)
land. The two crops that thrive in this zone are
25. The highest elevations are found in the zone called
or
. Farmers who live in this zone grow
26. Some Latin American countries have abundant supplies of
,
especially the two countries of
27. The economies of many Latin America countries depend on the export of cash crops such as
28. In addition, the rain forests of Brazil and Central America provide the world with
29. Before Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, about
Native
Americans lived in the
30. After 1492, Europeans began to
. They included
31. Many Spanish and Portuguese settlers married
. Their children
formed a new ethnic group called
32. People of mixed European and Native American ancestry are called
33. During the 1800s, thousands of Asians
34. Many Italians went to
35. Many people in Latin America trace their roots to
. Between 1500 and
1800 slave traders carried millions of
36. The countries that are mostly mestìzo are
37. The countries that are mostly Native American are
38. The countries that have large populations with African heritage are
39. The countries that have large numbers of European peoples are
40. In Latin America, people are concentrated in
41. In an effort to get people to move to the interior of their country, Brazil built a new capital called
far from the coast.
42. Only about
the United States there is
43. Through
percent of the land in Latin America is arable (farmable) land. In
percent of the country that is arable.
, people have created farmland in
areas. In these
irrigated lands, farmers produce crops of
44. Developers in Central America and Brazil have cleared areas of the
farming. Like in tropical Africa, however, the soil isn’t fertile because of
for
Section 3: Early Civilizations
THE FIRST AMERICANS
45. About 50,000 years ago, nomadic people migrated from
46. The earliest Americans lived by
47. About 5,000 years ago, people in Mexico began to
.The crop they grew
48. Maize was the native word for
49. Farming allowed people to give up their nomadic way of life and
THE MAYAS
50. The ancient Mayas lived in the dense, lowland
51. The Mayan civilization reached its peak between A.D.
52. Maya farmers cleared the dense forests and then built
platforms caught and held
. These
. The system worked so well that farmers
produced enough to feed cities that had as many as
53. The Mayas had no single, unified
. Each Maya city-state had its own
54. The king was the most important
55. Below the king were:
a. Nobles and
b. Artisans and
c. P
d. S
56. Mayas believed that gods controlled the powerful
such as storms,
57. At the center of Maya cities were huge
built to honor different
58. Maya cities had a large rectangular stone court that was used for a ball game called
59. Like modern basketball, the game involved sending a ball through
60. The magnificent buildings the Mayas erected are proof of their
61. Maya priests developed a system of
62. The priests developed a
, using
that was the most accurate one
in the world at the time.
63. The Maya priests also developed complex
64. Maya cities began to decline in about
including the use of
65. Scientists don’t know why Maya city-states disappeared but they do know that Maya
other people, from
THE AZTECS
66. Long after the Maya cities had declined, the
built and advanced civilization to the
of Maya lands.
67. The Aztec capital was
which today is (p.448)
68. The Aztecs had only one
who was chosen by a small group of
69. When the Aztecs defeated a nation, they left its rulers in place but the defeated nation had to pay
tribute to the Aztecs in the form of
70. By 1500, the Aztecs were collecting tribute from about
71. As the Aztecs expanded, they took thousands of
. they kept
some captives as slaves, but they
72. The slaughter of captives made the Aztecs
73. Among the chief Aztec gods was
, who they believed had
brought maize
74. Quetzalcoatl had once taken human form. He had
skin and a
. He
vowed to return and sailed off to the
75. At the heart of the Aztec empire was the bustling city of
home to
. It was
, making it the largest
76. The Aztecs were among the first people to
77. An Aztec woman could own
and she could
THE GREAT EMPIRES FALL
78. Far to the south of the Aztec Empire lay the powerful
79. From their capital at
, the Incas built a vast empire in the fertile
80. By the late 1400s, the Inca Empire stretched
miles across what is today
81. The Incas learned to build complex
that channeled water from mountain
streams into the
82. They carved
on steep mountains and used fertilizer to grow huge crops of
83. Like the Mayas and the Aztecs, the Incas worshipped many
. Chief among them
was the
84. The word “Inca” means
85. The center of Inca worship was the Temple of the
covered the temple walls, flaming in the
. Sheets of
86. The Inca emperor owned all the
87. To keep order in their empire, the Incas improved and extended
.
They used the roads and relay runners to move information as much as
in one
day.
88. Conquistadors followed
to the Americas.
89. A Spanish conqueror is called a
90. The conquistadors fanned out across Middle America and South America, hunting for the
91. Many Catholic priests went with the
They set out to
convert the Native Americans they found to
92. Hernando
landed on the coast of
in 1519.
93. Within two years the Spanish destroyed the
94. The factors that helped Cortes and the Spanish were:
a. Montezuma believed
b. Cortes won
c. Smallpox and other diseases
d. The Aztecs were afraid of
95. Francisco
landed in 1532 on the coast of
96. Pizarro used trickery to capture
.
, the Incan emperor. Pizarro killed Atahualpa
and by 1535 he controlled the
97. Intent on gaining riches and converting the Native Americans,
destroyed much of the material wealth of the
98. Throughout the Americas, Native Americans
99. Native Americans who survived the conquest preserved much of their
100.
Today millions of people in Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia speak
language of the
Cortes
Montezuma
Pizarro
, the