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Motives for Exploration • Need a route by ___________ to Asia (India and China) – Why? • __________________ for European exploration: – __________ – spread their faith to new lands – ________________ – want fame and adventure – _____________ – search for wealth • Able to expand due to new __________________________: – Better ships and cartography (________________________) – New technologies from the Arabs, such as the _____________________ and astrolabe Portugal Takes the Lead • Portugal was the first country to launch large-scale ___________________ of exploration • In 1420 Prince Henry the _____________________ sponsors expeditions to sail along the western coast of __________________ – His ultimate goal was to find a ______________ route around Africa to ______________ – Portuguese sailors learned that both _________ & ______________ were available on Africa’s west coast • Bartholomeu ____________ was the first European to sail around the tip of ________________ looking for a route to India in 1488 • Vasco ________________________ set out for India in 1497 and ten months later he became the first European to reach _________________ by sea – Brings back a cargo of _____________, makes a profit of several _________________ percent • The Portuguese were interested in setting up __________________ centers, not interested in conquering – They took the spice trade from the ______________________ by force – Had the advantage since they put _____________________ on their ships Spain Sails West • While the Portuguese sailed ________ to reach the source of the spice trade, the Spanish sailed _______ • Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain financed Christopher ____________________ to sail west to reach _______________ in 1492 – Columbus thinks that the circumference of the world is not as large as others thought it was – Reaches _________ in 1492, but thinks he is in _____________, on islands known as the Indies – Sails a total of four missions – explores many ______________________ islands and Honduras, which he names the ______________ and calls the people __________________ – The Spanish call Columbus a ______________ since they think he has found a new route to Asia • In 1502 Amerigo _____________________ sailed along the coast of _______________ America and he finally realized that this wasn’t Asia, but a new land – It is later named _____________________ in his honor and the Spanish set out to explore it • Vasco Nunez de _________________ led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and became the first European to view the ___________________ Ocean • Ferdinand _______________ decided to sail west around the world in 1519 with five ships and 250 men – Magellan was killed in a fight in the Philippines against the native people but his men continued on – In 1522 _____ survivors from Magellan’s expedition arrived back in Spain, the first people to ever ______________________________ the world • Treaty of ______________________ – signed by both Spain and Portugal in 1494 that gives a line of demarcation _______________________ their new territories – The treaty gives an _____________________ north-to-south line through the Atlantic Ocean and the easternmost part of South America • Everything west of this line went to ______________ and Portugal got everything _________ of the line 1 Other Explorers • Henry ________________ explored parts of eastern America and had a river and a bay named after him • Jacques ________________ sailed past the island of Newfoundland into the St. Lawrence river – He claimed all the land along the river as the province of New France (___________________) The Spanish Empire • The Spanish don’t just settle for a trading empire, they are going to _________________ and colonize • ________________________ = Spanish conquerors of the Americas – Had incredible success due to ____________, horses, and ___________________ – Hernan _________________ arrived with 600 men to take on the _________________ empire – Ten years later Francisco ________________ arrives with 200 men to take on the ______ empire • Pizarro took the new Inca emperor prisoner and killed him although they received lots of gold for ransom – By 1550 Spain controlled northern __________________ and the western part of South America • Catholic ______________________________ convert and baptize hundreds of thousands of natives • Drop in ______________________ among the Native Americans caused by forced labor, starvation, and disease – European ____________________ caused much death to the native populations who lacked ________________________ to such diseases, such as smallpox – Haiti went from a population of 100,000 when Columbus arrived to only _______ by 1570 – Mexico’s population dropped from 25 million to ______ million – The Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to _____ million by 1600 Other Colonies • Portugal colonized _____________________ • France established several colonies in New _________________ or Canada – The French also did not _________________ Native Americans, in fact many traders ______________ Native American women – Samuel de _________________ founded the city of ____________________ – Rene-Robert La Salle claimed the enormous _______________________ region for France and named it ___________________________ in honor of Louis XIV • The Dutch established New Netherlands and bought the island of _______________________ from Native Americans, founding the city of New ___________________________ – The Dutch were more interested in the spice trade and they eventually lost New Netherlands to the _______________, who renamed it _______________ • The first English colony established was the settlement of ______________________ in Virginia – The English soon established the __________________ colonies The Columbian Exchange and Economic Concepts • The Columbian Exchange = global ___________________ that happened when large-scale contact between European and American societies led to the widespread exchange of _______________, ____________________, and _________________ – Plants such as _________________ and tomatoes were introduced into Europe, while animals such as ___________________ and pigs were introduced into the Americas • _________________ = a settlement of people living in a new _____________________, linked with the parent country by trade and direct gov’t _____________________ – Played a role in the theory of _____________________________ • Mercantilism is an economic theory that the ________________________of a nation depends on a large supply of ______________ and silver – A nation’s strength depended on its __________________, which was measured by the amount of gold and silver it possessed 2 – Mercantilists believed that there was a _____________ amount of wealth in the world – had to take wealth and power away from other _____________________ – Could build wealth in two ways: • ____________________ gold and silver from mines • Have a favorable ______________________________________ – Balance of trade = the difference in value between what a nation _________________ and ____________________ over time • Favorable = _________________ more than __________________ – Place high __________________ (taxes) on imported goods • Establishing _____________ was also essential to the mercantilist system since colonies were useful as: – Sources of raw _________________ for the parent country – __________________ for finished goods from the parent country – In the mercantilist view, colonies existed only to ___________________ the home country • Capitalism = economic system in which most economic activity is carried on by private _____________ or organizations in order to seek a __________________ • Joint-stock companies = investors pooled their money to ______________ business ventures in which investors bought _________________ of stock in the company – Idea of shared __________________ – Each shareholder receives a ______________ of the profit based on the number of shares owned – In 1607 the Virginia Company of London established _______________________ The Atlantic Slave Trade • Colonization greatly increased the _________________ trade • Plantations = large _________________________ estates – __________________ of labor in the Americas due to the death of millions of Native Americans • ______________________ Trade = pattern of trade connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas Europe America Africa Middle Passage • • • • Middle Passage = journey of slaves from Africa to the ______________________, usually lasted three to six weeks – Horrible ______________________ and high death rate – ________% did not survive Number of slaves imported – 16th century – ________________ – 17th century – over __________________________ – 18th century – ____________ million Sources of slaves – _____________________ – Prisoners of _____________ prior to the arrival of Europeans – Local ______________________ at slave markets on coast – exchange slaves for gold and guns – Some Europeans organized slave ____________________ Effects of the slave trade – Separated __________________________ – ________________________ in some areas – ____________________ men and women taken, the future leaders of the villages – Increased __________________________ 3