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CA Standard 10.1
By Kristoff Aragon
Anna Berg
Jonathan Ching
Vincent Gentile
Katherine Han
Ruth Toruno
10.1 Students relate the moral and ethical
principles in ancient Greek and Roman
philosophy, in Judaism, and in Christianity to
the development of Western political thought
1. Analyze the similarities and differences in JudeoChristian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith,
and duties of the individual.
► 2. Trace the development of the Western political ideas of
the rule of law and illegitimacy of tyranny, using selections
from Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics.
► 3. Consider the influence of the U.S. Constitution on
political systems in the contemporary world.
►
The Legacy of Greece
► Greece’s
main contribution – Democracy
 Ran a democratic government – Citizens form the
governing body
 Strengthened by Pericles
► Increased
the number of paid public officials and paid jurors
► Began direct democracy – citizens are actively involved in
political decisions
 Other great philosophers included:
► Aristotle
– Applied logic to science and examined the nature of
the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge
► Plato – Wrote The Republic, believes society should be
governed by the wisest among them
Rome and its Republic
►
►
►
►
In 509 BC Roman aristocrats overthrew a king and set up a
new government called a republic.
In this form of indirect government, citizens had the right
to vote for leaders who made governmental decisions.
In the early republic the plebeians, farmers, artisans, and
merchants, demanded more political power from the
patricians, aristocratic landowners who had the most
power.
The government was split into separate branches:
 Consuls consisted of two officials and commanded the army and
directed the government.
 Legislative branch was made up of a senate and two assemblies
who controlled financial policies and advised the consuls.
Rome’s Legacy
►
►
►
►
The Romans believed that their code of law should be
applied equally to all citizens, which became a great
influence on democracy in the Western world.
In 451 BC the Twelve Tables were formed. These were 12
tablets with Rome’s laws carved on. These tables
established the idea that all free citizens had the right to
protection of the law and that these laws would be fairly
administered.
Some Roman laws that influenced democracy in the world
include:
 All citizens had the right to equal treatment under the
law
 A person was considered innocent until proven guilty
By 528 AD Emperor Justinian ordered an accumulation of
all Roman law. This compilation created for works: The
Code, The Digest, The Institutes, and The Novellae.
Judaism
►
►
►
-Hebrews are monotheists (so are Christians)
-Hebrew Bible is known as the Torah (Christianity's Old
Testament)
-Hebrews believe God's wish is for people to live with
good morals and ethics (identified in the Ten
Commandments
The Torah
Christianity
►
Rome expanded, spread throughout Mediterranean,
Romans ruled Judea directly as part of their empire.
 According to New Testament, Jesus of Nazareth was born
around 6 to 4 B.C... Both a Jew and roman subject.
► Began
preaching around the age of 30. preached many ideas
from Jewish tradition, belief in one God, principles of 10
commandments , emphasized God’s personal relationship to
each human being.
► Stressed importance of people’s love for God, their neighbors,
enemies, and themselves. Taught that for whoever those
repented their sins sincerely, God would give them eternal life in
the eternal paradise.
The Ten Commandments
The Spread of Christianity
►
About 29 AD, Jesus visited Jerusalem. Referred to as “king
of Jews” seen as a threat by Roman governor thus he was
crucified. According to his followers, he then rose from the
dead into heaven 3 days later. His followers believe him to
be the Messiah or Savior.
 In the first century after his death, his followers began teaching his
religion. The apostle Paul preached in cities around the eastern
Mediterranean, he stressed the essential equality of equality of all
human beings.
 At first, the Roman empire was hostile to the beliefs, but yet it
slowly seeped throughout the empire and became the official
religion of the empire in 380.
Islam
► Islam
is a monotheistic religion based on the
teachings of the prophet Muhammad developed in
southwest Asia in the early 600s.
 The words of God are found in a holy book called the
Qur’an.
 Followers of Islam are called Muslims.
 Islam requires Muslims to
► Offer
charity and help to those in need.
► Obey the same laws as those they ruled.
► Show tolerance for other religious practices.
 Islam emphasized the dignity of all human beings and
brotherhood of all people.
Legacy of Monotheistic Religions
► All
three monotheistic religions developed three
crucial ideas that affected democracy, including:
 The duty of the individual and the community to combat
oppression.
 The worth of the individual.
 The equality of people before God.
 These ideas led to the questioning about the value of
the individual and authority
► These
ideas would develop into the Renaissance and the
Reformation
Monotheistic Religions stressed the idea
that every individual is worth something
Renaissance
► Restored
old monuments and works of art
 Rediscovered forgotten Greek and Latin
manuscripts
 Took emphasis away from the Church
 Thinkers and philosophers explored ideas on
political power and the role of the government
Renaissance Artists
Da Vinci Donatello
Michelangelo
Raphael
Reformation
► 16th
Century movement in which the spirit of
questioning moved toward religious thought
 Rise of Protestants—former members of the catholic
who have reformed
 Led to separation from the Catholic Church into
Protestant religions
► These
included Anglican, Presbyterian, Lutheran, and Methodist
Churches
► Challenged
the authority of the Pope, indirectly
influencing democracy
When
They
became
followers
The
basic
concept
disagreed
followers
with
of a
of
the
the
Protestant
conditions of
Reformation;
the
Church.
Church,