Download essentials BUILDING A CIRCULAR FUTURE

essentials
B UIL DING A
C I RC UL AR FUT URE
BUILDING A
CIRCULAR
FUTURE
essential s
Published in 2015 with support from
the Danish Environmental Protection
Agency
DESIGN FOR
DISASSEMBLY
INTRODUCTION
to the booklet
This booklet provides the background and context for
the project ’Building a Circular Future.’
The series comprises four booklets: Essentials, Design
for Disassembly, Material Passport and Circular Economy,
and can either be read as one whole piece or stand alone
as three separate pieces.
MATERIAL
PASSPORT
CIRCULAR
ECONOMY
BUILDING A CIRCULAR FUTURE
The material in this booklet is developed from extensive
research and engaging workshops with partners across
industries.
<
PHOTO The team behind the project to the kick-off meeting; GXN Innovation, 3XN Architects,
MT Højgaard, VIA Byggeri, Kingo Karlsen, Vugge til Vugge Danmark and Henrik Innovation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
essentials
1. CONCLUSIONS
executive summary11
sammenfatning13
circular principles14
2. MOTIVATIONS
resource scarcity21
value to society29
area of focus35
learning from the past39
3. DIMENSIONS
introduction to bim and vdc
45
the seventh dimension51
4. CASESTUDY
introduction to ’de fire styrelser’
55
the building59
G. GLOSSARY
term and definitions67
S. SOURCES
publications, articles webpages, etc.
71
C. COLOPHON
project information and partners
73
This chapter briefly summarizes
all the conclusions and findings
from the entire project.
CHAPTER
1
CONCLUSIONS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (ENGLISH)
findings and conclusions
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (DANISH)
resultater og konklusioner
CIRCUL AR PRINCIPLES
how to build a circular future
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (ENGLISH)
f i n d i n g s a n d c o n cl u s i o n s
Natural resources are scarce and construction accounts for 40
percent of the material and energy consumption in Europe. This
means that a switch to a circular future is necessary. ’Building a
Circular Future’ maps out where we are, where we are going, and
what is needed for this conversion to take place.
’Only by establishing scalable
economical incentives,
sustainable solutions become
relevant on a global scale’
- Kasper Guldager Jensen, architect,
senior partner 3XN and director GXN
The construction industry is facing a major upheaval and must
rethink both its business strategies and construction practice
to be able to handle the new required market mechanisms and
reap the rewards of the circular future. To facilitate this, there
will be new companies with business strategies that do not yet
exist, such as material exchanges, digital material managers and
deconstruction experts.
A Proven Positive Business Case
Based on a specific 3XN project and existing construction
practice at MT Højgaard, the project partners have developed
and tested a business case based on the project’s strategies.
The financial result is a profit of DKK 35 million on the structure
alone in the demolition of a building built for the cost of DKK 860
million. The total potential for the whole building, calculated in
projected material prices, is estimated to be up to 16% of the
total construction cost. By incorporating dismantling and new
circular strategies from the start of construction, it is proven
that there is an economic incentive and the demolition and
construction waste can be made a positive business case.
Positive Effects Here and Now
The incentive for the implementation of the circular strategies is
not only in the future. Increased flexibility, optimized operation
and maintenance, as well as a healthier building, is low-hanging
fruit that can be harvested today. The project’s principles can be
implemented in industrialized construction in a large scale today.
That is proven by the three 1:1 prototypes of building elements,
which are designed for maximum reuse and circular economy,
that has been developed as a result of the project. Several built
projects and commercially available products support this
assertion.
SUMMARY
essentials
11
15M
15M
3
35M
35M
15M
15M
15M
35M
35M
35M
KEY FINDINGS FROM THE CIRCULAR FUTURE:
15M
35M
Prerequisites*
for the future Re-use of Building Elements
Intension: ’We have a proof of concept,
if todays demolition cost can be turned
into a positive business case’
POSITIVE BUSINESS CASE
visible
mechanical
disolvable
similar
common
MATERIAL
0.35%
DATA
IN
4% 8%
RN
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
calculated in todays material
prices, on the structure alone.
calculated in projected material
prices, on the structure alone.
+50 years
calculated in projected material
prices, on the entire building
DDK
DK
DK
KKKK
DATA
DKK 35.000.000
35M
visible
mechanical
disolvable
similar
common
DATA
0.35%
in business upside
POSITIVE BUSINESS CASE
ELEMENT
DATA
*The project thoroughly calculates the effects of the implementation of a circular economy
always maintain
link between
data
on a 42.000 m2 a
representative
casethe
study
office project to a value of DKK 860 mil.
in the material passport and the building element
16%
4% 8%0.35%
0.35%
0.35%
0.35%
EA
MENT
ENT
ELEMENT
improved
flexibility
JOINTS
JOINTS
JOINTS
JOINTS
visible
visible
visible
visible
4% 8%
EA
faster
construction
optimized
operation
RN
less
waste
Implementation of the circular principles, not only result in long term benefits.
Positive side effects from low hanging fruits creates a better building here and now.
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
RN
+50
mechanical
mechanical
mechanical
always
a link between
data
Re-sale value* of Case
Study compared
to Turn-key
cost maintainmechanical
calculatedthe
in todays
material
calculated in projected material
disolvable
disolvable
disolvable
disolvable
prices, on the structure alone.
prices, on the structure alone.
in the material passport
and
the
building
element
similar
similar
similar
similar
EARN:
OF THE
TOTAL VALUE,
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
common
common
common
commonUpfront Investment costs and full scale European Upside
EARN
JOINTS
visible
mechanical
disolvable
similar
common
mechanical
disolvable
similar
common
EARN
0.35%
D
KK
JOINTS
S
P OPP
SOO
IP
STS
O
IITIVSTIEIVITVEB
IEVUBES
BUIUB
SNSU
IEN
ISS
NEIS
EN
SSE
SCSSACSS
CAE
AC
SSA
EES E
alwaysJOINTS
maintain
a link between the data
A Building Practicevisible
with immediate and short term gains
in the material passport and the building element
years
EARN
M
I NI N
IDNIEDNM
DEE
O
D
MM
L
EOIM
OLTLO
IITIOLTIN
IO
ITONICN
OOCNS
COO
TCSSS
O
TTSST S
Tomorrows upside after Re-design of Case Study
visible
mechanical
disolvable
similar
common
ELEMENT
To prepare the building for the circular future and harvest the benefits, it is
necessary to integrate new solutions and circular business models.
POSITIVE BUSINESS CASE
JOINTS
POSITI
JOINTS
visible
mechanical
disolvable
DESIGN FOR DISSASEMBLY
similar
Joints - visible, mechanical,
common
disolvable, similar and common
0.35%
demolition costs
to a future with:
16%
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
DKK
IN DEMOLITION COSTS
Implementation of
circular business
models to support
the transition
D E M Oalways
L I T Imaintain
O N Cconnection
O S T S between
the data and the specific the element.
EA
15M
DKK 16.000.000
go from todays:
PASSPORT
ELEMENT
always maintain
a link between the data
in the material passport and the building element
Todays price on a Demolition Contract
ofSCase
Study*
PO
ITIV
E BUSINESS CASE
TS
DKK
JOINTS
EARN
DKK
DKK
IN DEMOLITION COSTS
EARN
M
IN DEMOLITION COSTS
4%DATA
8%
DATA
DATA
DATA ELEMENT
ELEMENT
ELEMENT
ELEMENT
15M
16
4%
8%
% 16%
16%
16%
16%
4%
4%
8%
8%
8% 16%
16%
% 4%
calculated in projected material
prices, on the entire building
Reusing building elements on a European level in a circular
economy gives an estimated* annual economical value of:
EA
€13.300.000.000
+50
years
calculated in
projected
material
Euros
in 2015 and using
the distrubtional numbers from Denmark.
prices, on the structure alone.
E A E AE AE A
R NR N
R NR N
* Predicted on the forecasts of the 79th EUROCONSTRUCT conference. They
estimate the construction activities in the EU will amount to 1360 billion
years
years
years
years
+50
+50
+50
+50
EARN
EARN
EARN
EARN
calculated in projected material
prices, on the entire building
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
calculated in todays material
prices, on the structure alone.
EARN
EARN
EARN
EARN
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
EARN
EARN
years
VALUE,
0.35%
JOINTS
DATA
visible
mechanica
disolvable
similar
common
ELEMENT
Low investment
ofalways
onlymaintain
0.35% of a link between the da
in the
material
passport and the building eleme
the
‘new
build’
value, prepares a
EA
building for the
RN
circular future. calculated in p
4% 8%
OF THE TO
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
prices,
on the
OF THE TOTAL VALUE,
calculated in todays material
prices, on the structure alone.
calculated in projected materia
prices, on the structure alone.
Conclusion: ’Reusing building parts today is
good business, increasing ressource prices
OFOF
OF
THE
OF
THE
THE
TOTAL
THE
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
VALUE,
VALUE,
VALUE,
VALUE, OFOF
OF
THE
OF
THE
THE
TOTAL
THE
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
VALUE,
VALUE,
VALUE,
VALUE,of tomorrow will only
OFOF
OF
THE
OF
THE
THE
TOTAL
THE
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
VALUE,
VALUE,
VALUE,
VALUE,
accelerate
this’
OF
THE
TOTAL
calculated
calculated
calculated
calculated
in todays
in
intodays
in
todays
todays
material
material
material
material VALUE,
calculated
calculated
calculated
calculated
in projected
ininprojected
in
projected
projected
material
material
material
material
calculated
calculated
calculated
calculated
in projected
ininprojected
in
projected
projected
material
material
material
material
of the ‘new build’ value of the
entire building,
in projected material prices.
VALUE,
+50 years
always
always
always
always
maintain
maintain
maintain
maintain
a alink
a link
alink
link
between
between
between
between
the
the
the
data
the
data
data
data
in
in
the
in
in
the
the
material
the
material
material
material
passport
passport
passport
passport
and
and
and
the
and
the
the
building
the
building
building
building
element
element
element
element
Increased earnings over time due to Ressource Scarcity
ted material
ure alone.
cted material
cture alone.
RN
EARN
of the ‘new build’ value on the
entire building,
in todays material prices.
IN DEMOLITION COSTS
EARN
of the ‘new build’ value on the
superstructure and envelope,
in todays material prices.
data
nthethe
data
g element
ng element
+50
calculated in projected material
prices, on the structure alone.
EARN
calculated in todays material
prices, on the structure alone.
*Prerequisites for the calculations are; 1) Building components reused from case study
are 75% of total nummer of parts. 2) Re-sale value is set to be 50% of new price.
calculated
in
projected
material
prices,
prices,
prices,
prices,
on on
the
onthe
on
structure
the
the
structure
structure
structure
alone.
alone.
alone.
alone.
prices,
prices,
prices,
prices,
on on
the
onthe
on
structure
the
the
structure
structure
structure
alone.
alone.
alone.
alone.
prices, on the entire building
prices,
prices,
prices,
prices,
on on
the
onthe
on
entire
the
the
entire
entire
entire
building
building
building
building
SUMMARY
essentials
13
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (DANISH)
r e s ul t a t e r o g k o n kl u s i o n e r
Naturressourcerne er knappe og byggeriet står for 40 procent
af materiale og energiforbruget i Europa. Det betyder at en
omstilling til en cirkulær fremtid er nødvendig. ’Fremtidens
Cirkulære Byggeri’ kortlægger hvor vi skal hen, hvor langt vi er og
hvad der skal til for at denne omstilling kan ske.
’Kun ved at etablere skalerbare
økonomiske incitamenter, bliver
bæredygtige løsninger relevante
på en global skala’
- Kasper Guldager Jensen, arkitekt,
senior partner 3XN and direktør GXN
Byggebranchen står over for en stor omvæltning hvor den skal
nytænke både sine forretningsstrategier og byggepraksis, for at
kunne håndtere de nye nødvendige markedsmekanismer og høste
frugterne af den cirkulære fremtid. For at facilitere disse, vil der
opstå nye firmaer med forretningsstrategier der ikke tidligere
har eksisteret, så som materialebørser, digital materialepas
manager og demonteringsekspert.
En Positiv Businesscase
Med udgangspunkt i et konkret 3XN projekt og eksisterende
byggepraksis hos MT Højgaard, har projektets parter udviklet
og afprøvet en businesscase med udgangspunkt i projektets
strategier. Det økonomiske resultat er en fortjeneste på DKK
35 mio. på råhuset alene i nedrivningen af et byggeri til 860
millioner. Det totale potentiale for hele huset beregnet i
fremskrevne materialepriser estimeres til at op i mod 16% af
den samlede byggesum. Ved at ind tænke demontering og nye
cirkulære strategier fra starten af et byggeri bevises det at der
er et økonomisk incitament og at nedrivning og byggeaffald kan
gøres til en positiv business case.
Positive Effekter Her og Nu
Incitamentet for implementering af de cirkulære strategier ligger
ikke kun langt ude fremtiden. Øget fleksibilitet, optimeret drift
og vedligehold samt et sundere byggeri er lavt hængende frugter
der kan høstes allerede i dag. Projektets principper kan allerede
nu implementeres i industrialiseret byggeri i en stor skala. Det
bevidner de tre 1:1 prototyper af bygningsdele der er designet
til maksimal genanvendelse og cirkulær økonomi som der er
blevet udviklet som et resultat af projektet. Dette bakkes op
adskillige projekter der er bygget og produkter der allerede nu er
kommercielt tilgængelige.
SUMMARY
essentials
15
D ES IG N F O R
D I SA S S E M B LY
MAT E R I A L
PA SSPOR T
CIRCU LAR
ECONOM Y
MATERIALS
DOC UMENTATION
N EW B U S IN ES S ES
CIRCULAR PRINCIPLES
how to bui ld a circula r future
S ERVICE LIFE
IDENTIFICATION
IN C EN TIV E
The 15 principles for how to build a
circular future are developed as a result
of the project and are seen as guidelines
and strategies for working with reuse and
circular economy in the building industry.
The 15 principles represents 5 for ’Design
for Disassembly’, 5 for ’Material Passport’
and 5 for ’Circular Economy’.
STANDARDS
MAINTENANC E
N EW M OD ELS
They are elaborated on each in their
seperate booklet and are refered to as
reference points throughout the project.
CONNECTIONS
SAFETY
PA R TN ER S H IPS
DECONSTRUCTION
INTERIM
C IRC U LATION
Like the booklets, the principles can be
read either as one complimenting element
or as three seperate.
In this chapter we go through
the background and urgencies
for why we have to act.
CHAPTER
2
MOTIVATIONS
RESOURCE SCARCITY
amplified by global grow th
VALUE TO SOCIET Y
the economical and
sustainable perspective
AREA OF FOCUS
where does the project have
the most extensive impact
LEARNING FROM THE PAST
timber, steel and concrete
40%
MIDDLE CLASS
GROWTH IN 2030
+50%
+3 TR
P R O D UCE MORE FO OD
AND ENER GY IN 2030
WORLD
ECONOMIC
POPULATION
world
P R OD U C E M O RE
FO O Deconomic
GRO W T H WORLD
O F A N N UA
L GLO B A L
GDP
2015
INI OCITIES
2015
aloneCO N S T RUCT
AND ENER GY I NGDP
2 0in
3 0IN
N I N 1 IN
0 Y2050
E A RS
x1,5
75%
GROWTH OF ANNUAL GLOBAL
CONSTRUCTION IN 1 0 Y EARS
x1,5 35% +30%
W O R LD E C O NO M IC
G D P IN 2 0 1 5
35%
A CCE S S T O FRE S H
WATER IN 2030
40%
P O P UL AT I ON
IES I N 2050
MORE
USE THAN
more
resources
use than
planetET
canCAN
provide
in 2015
PLAN
P ROV
IDE
+50%
35%
+50%
+3 BN
+70%
MIDDLE CLASS
GROWTH IN 2 0 3 0
used by
the FOOD
MI D D L E CL AS S of the total materials
PRODUCE
M ORE
construction industry
theTR
world
GR O WT H I N 2030
AND in
ENERGY
IN 2 0 3 0
+3
+3
75%
+3 TR
+70%
40%
PRODUCE MORE FOOD
AND ENERGY IN 2030
growth of
for global
GROWTH
OFdemand
ANNUAL
GLOBAL
construction inIN1010
years
CONSTRUCTION
YEARS
75%
+50%
x1,5
<
BN
DIAGRAM Resource use and projections of increase in future
WORLD ECONOMIC
GDP IN 2 0 1 5
WORLD POPULATION
IN CITIES IN 2050
+30%
Additionally, the global migration from land to cities indicates
that by 2050 almost 75% of the world’s population will be
urbanized.
These developments put tremendous pressure on the world’s
resources, which are already under pressure, as we currently on
average use more the 1,5 times the resources that the planet can
provide. 04
ACCESS TO FRESHof the total energy use by the
WATER IN 2 0 3 0 construction industry in EU
+3 BN
R LD E CONOMI C
+30%
M O RE US E T HA N
PLA N E T CA N PRO V I D E
+30%
a mplified by global grow th
Moreover, while it took all of human history to build a 3 trillion
dollar economy, which was reached in 1940 – this is the figure
by which the world economic GDP is expected to grow in 2015
alone.03
40%
WO R L D P O P U L ATIO N
IN CITIES IN 2 0 5 0
RESOURCE SCARCITY
The world’s population is growing faster, from approximately 3
billion people in 1950 to a projected 9 billion people in 2050. 01
Additionally, the world’s middle class is projected to grow by a
staggering
150 % over
the next
15 years, from 2 billion people in
MORE USE THAN
ACCESS
TO FRESH
PLANET
CAN
WATER
IN 2030
02
2010 to
5 PROVIDE
billion people
in 2030.
+70%
M IDmiddle
D LE Cclass
L AS S
growth
GRO
W T H in
IN 2030
2030
GROWTH OF ANNUAL GLOBAL
CONSTRUCTION IN 10 YEARS
x1,5
75%
+70%
+50% +3 TR
+3 BN
75%
PRODUCE MORE FOOD
AND ENERGY IN 2030
On a global scale, this means that by 2030 we will have to produce
50% more food and energy and provide access to 30% more fresh
water, while we simultaneously fight global warming and climate
change. 05
Looking more specifically at the construction industry, which
today consumes about 40% of the energy used in the EU06 and
35%
GROWTH OF ANNUAL GLOBAL of the materials used in the world,07 the consequences of
CONSTRUCTION IN 10 YEARS
the above changes are tremendous. It is estimated that the
result will be a demand for urban construction for housing, office
sapnadc ter,a nsport services that over the next 40 years could
roughly equal the entire volume of such construction made in
world history. 08 Over the next 10 years, the demand for annual
global construction is expected to increase by 70%. 09
x1,5
+30%
+70%
01 TXT Flat and Crowded, p 28
MORE USE THAN
PLANET CAN PROVIDE
02 TXT Ph.D Homi Kharas
ACCESS TO FRESH
03 TXT World’s Gross Domestic Products Growth
WATER IN 2030
04 TXT World’s Footprint 2015.
06
07
08
09
TXT Deutsche Bank Research 2013
TXT United Nations Environment Programme
TXT US Department of Defence
TXT PWC Global Construction 2025
05 TXT Den Store Omstilling
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
MIDDLE
CLASS
WORLD
POP ULATION
PRODUCE
MORE FOOD
M ORE
USE THAN
ACCESS TO GROWTH
FRESH OF ANNUAL GLOBAL
21
260
240
World War I
220
1970s
oil shock
Post-war
Depression
200
Great
Depression
Steel
Timber
180
World War II
160
140
Concrete
120
100
80
60
40
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2012
2014
<
DIAGRAM McKinsey Commodity Price Index: Concrete, Steel and Timber.10
The price on concrete, steel and timber in relation to the average commodity
prices. 11 In 2013 and 2014 there has been a decline in commodity prices.
(This diagram is an interpretation of an original owned by Ellen MacArthur Foundation)
In the 2014 book ‘Resource Revolution - How to capture the
biggest business opportunity in a century’12 by Stefan Heck, a
Stanford Professor and former McKinsey director, and Matt Rogers,
a McKinsey director, this development is put into perspective by
showing that China alone - over the period 2000 to 2020 - will
build what is equivalent to 100 ‘ New Yorks,’ or more the 200 cities
with more than 1 million inhabitants. A prerequisite for this
development is that we have the necessary resources. Leading
economi thinker Jonathan Hook addressed how this lack of
resources could be a barrier in a report in PWC Global Construction
2025, when he asked, “do we have the resources to deliver?”
One of the reasons for this question is that we have seen a sharp
increase in a variety of commodities’ prices since the year 2000,
because of increased scarcity. This was effectively addressed by
McKinsey in the 2013 Trend Survey, where authors showed that
all the gains in ‘resource productivity’ in the 20th century were
nullified during the first 10 years of the 21st century. This is
shown in the graph below. 13
100
80
60
40
20
2020
2018
2016
2014
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
0
<
DIAGRAM China is building the equivalent of 100 New Yorks12. 2020 projections: 350 million in additional urban population, 221 total cities with populations of more than 1 million and 170 new mass transit systems.
(This diagram is an interpretation of an original from the book ’Ressource Revolution)
10 TXT McKinsey Commodity Price Index 1900-2010
11 WEB McKinsey Commodity Price Index: Concrete, Steel and Timber
12 TXT Resource Revolution
13 TXT McKinsey Global Institute
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
23
<
PHOTO Visit on a Kingo Karlsen demolition site.
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
25
hydrogen
helium
1
2
H
1.0079
lithium
beryllium
Li
Be
sodium
magnesium
3
6.941
11
He
4.0026
Years Left of Materials
boron
5-50 years
4
5
B
50-100 years
100-500 years
9.0122
12
22.990
24.305
potassium
calcium
19
K
39.098
rubidium
37
20
Ca Sc
V
47.867
50.942
strontium
yttrium
zirconium
niobium
38
87.62
caesium
barium
56
Cs Ba
132.91
137.33
francium
radium
88
Fr Ra
[223]
Ti
23
44.956
85.468
87
22
vanadium
40.078
Rb Sr
55
21
titanium
[226]
39
Y
88.906
40
41
F
Ne
aluminium
silicon
phosphorus
sulfur
chlorine
argon
32.065
S
Cl
Ar
gallium
germanium
arsenic
selenium
bromine
krypton
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
24
iron
25
26
cobalt
27
nickel
28
copper
29
zinc
30
31
63.546
65.38
69.723
72.64
74.922
78.96
79.904
molybdenum
technetium
ruthenium
rhodium
palladium
silver
cadmium
indium
tin
antimony
tellurium
iodine
xenon
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
106.42
107.87
112.41
114.82
hafnium
tantalum
tungsten
rhenium
osmium
iridium
platinum
gold
mercury
thallium
104
105
36
58.693
102.91
dubnium
35
58.933
101.07
rutherfordium
34
55.845
[98]
180.95
33
39.948
54.938
95.96
178.49
32
35.453
51.996
92.906
Hf Ta
18
30.974
manganese
P
17
28.086
chromium
Si
16
20.180
26.982
91.224
73
10
18.998
15
O
neon
9
15.999
14
N
8
fluorine
14.007
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In
72
C
7
oxygen
12.011
Al
scandium
6
nitrogen
10.811
13
Na Mg
carbon
74
75
76
W Re Os
77
Ir
183.84
186.21
190.23
192.22
seaborgium
bohrium
hassium
meitnerium
106
107
108
109
78
79
80
81
Pt Au Hg Tl
195.08
196.97
200.59
204.38
terbium
dysprosium
50
51
52
Sn Sb Te
53
83.798
54
118.71
121.76
127.60
126.90
I
Xe
lead
bismuth
polonium
astatine
radon
82
83
84
85
131.29
86
Pb Bi Po At Rn
207.2
208.98
[209]
[210]
[222]
holmium
erbium
thulium
ytterbium
lutetium
darmstadtium roentgenium
110
111
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
[261]
[262]
lanthanum
cerium
57
58
[266]
[264]
praseodymium neodymium
59
60
[277]
[268]
[271]
[272]
promethium
samarium
europium
gadolinium
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.91
140.12
140.91
144.24
[145]
150.36
151.96
157.25
158.93
162.50
164.93
167.26
168.93
173.05
174.97
actinium
thorium
protactinium
uranium
neptunium
plutonium
americium
curium
berkelium
californium
einsteinium
fermium
mendelevium
nobelium
lawrencium
89
90
91
Ac Th Pa
[227]
232.04
231.04
92
U
238.03
93
94
95
96
97
98
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
[237]
[244]
[243]
[247]
[247]
[251]
99
100
101
102
103
Es Fm Md No Lr
[252]
[257]
[258]
[259]
[262]
<
DIAGRAM In the book ‘Resource revolution’ it is seen that Chromium and Vanadium
(used for making Stainless Steel), Iron ore, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Tin, Bauxite/
Aluminium as well as a number of other relevant resources to the construction
industry are becoming scarcer and scarcer.
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
27
VALUE TO SOCIETY
t he economical a nd susta ina ble perspective
These facts, combined with discussions between 3XN and MT
Højgaard in the autumn of 2014 on the difference in value in
reuse of concrete elements, inspired GXN and MT Højgaard to
look further into the business opportunities of introducing a
circular economic paradigm into the construction industry. One
of the examples discussed was that the value of a reinforced
wall element is some 50 times higher per ton than the value of
the gravel into which it is currently broken down when buildings
are demolished. Similarly, the value of prefabricated and painted
steel beams are some 30-40 higher per ton than the pure ‘metal
value’.
In order to investigate this business opportunity thoroughly, GXN
and MT Højgaard invited 3XN, Vugge til Vugge, Henrik Innovation,
VIA University College and Kingo Karlsen to participate in the
project.
Since the partners launched this investigation, commodity
prices, including those on metals, have fallen significantly over
the last 12 months14. We are aware that this price reduction in
the short run could make many business people and politicians
think that it’s not that urgent to commence introduction of a
circular economy model in the construction industry.
The Asia Opportunity
The ideas of this project will have the biggest impact where there
is a high turnover in the building stock and where there is being
constructed a lot of buildings - the best examples of this is in Asia.
As mentioned earlier in the chapter China is building the equivalent
of 100 New Yorks in the coming years and in Japan a buildings
lifetime is as low as 15 years.
That is not the case, as the long-term projections clearly
indicate that we will have to increase our ‘material productivity’
significantly in order to accommodate future needs for
construction and civil services at reasonable prices. Moreover,
introduction of a ‘circular economy’ in the construction industry
will take one or two decades and should not be evaluated
economically based on the current fluctuation in commodity
prices, but on long-term projections, like those provided in the
first part of this section.
Because it is not necessary to wait several decades in order to
earn money or from your ressources invested in a building, this
market represents a huge opporturnity to quickly implement and
test out the solutions and models in a circular economy.
14 TXT Commodity Market Monthly
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
29
<
PHOTO Shanghai 1987
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
31
<
PHOTO Shanghai 2013
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
33
AREA OF FOCUS
wh ere does the project ha ve the most impa ct
As stated in the previous section, the construction industry will
have to build as much in the coming 40 years as we have done
since the beginning of humanity. This could be a challenge in a
world where more and more resources are becoming scarce and
where the construction industry already consumes approximately
40 per cent of all materials produced in the world, measured by
weight. Therefore, the parties behind this book have decided
to look into how circular economy can be advanced in the
construction industry.
The Project Focus
In order focus the project, the aim is put where
innovations
will
have
the
•
Large scale buildings
•
Superstructure + envelope
•
No services and interior
biggest
impact:
Why Office Buildings?
1. Office buildings are technically amongst the most
advanced buildings constructed. Consequently, the
idea is that technology developed for this segment can
be used for other building segments.
2. Office buildings are business wise amongst the
most interesting to 3XN, MT Højgaard and Partners.
Market and Relevant Segments
We chose to focus on large and complex office buildings,
specifically their superstructure and facades, for a number
of reasons. These are among the most technically advanced
buildings constructed at present, mainly because of the need for
large open spaces, high requirements for the indoor environment,
access to daylight, as well as very low energy consumption
etc. These requirements necessitate larger and more advanced
ventilation, lighting and electrical systems compared to what is
needed for other types of buildings. Moreover, the request for the
large open spaces and for flexibility necessitate the use of larger
and stronger beams,columns and joints compared to the types of
construction elements used for housing or other building types.
As these office buildings are the most complex to design for
disassembly, we expect the methods developed for this building
segment can be used directly or in a modified and simpler version
in less complicated buildings. In order to limit the scope of the
analysis, we decided to focus on the superstructure and the
envelope of the building, partly because these usually represent
about ¾ of the materials used in buildings, measured by weight,
and partly because a number of other reports have focused on
installation, internal walls, etc.
3. Office building accounts for 1/10 of the building
stock and 10-20% of the buildings to build in the years
to come.
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
35
Office buildings are among the most interesting
Due to ongoing client demand and the myriad of design and
construction challenges inherent in office buildings. These are
the are among the most interesting to both 3XN and MT Højgaard.
The buildings most similar to office buildings in structural
systems are larger and more complex multi-story residential
and university/school buildings. We expect that the methods
for disassembly developed for complex office buildings can be
applied to these other segments with limited alternations.
Office buildings and the Danish Building Stock
The Danish building stock amounts to approximately DKK 665
million m2. Measured in square meters, the largest segments
are ‘individual housing’ and ‘Farm Production Buildings’, which
account for 26% and 21% of the building stock measured in m2
respectively. Office buildings, Administration and Trade buildings
account for DKK 66 million m2 or 10% of the building stock. ‘MultiStory Flats’, ‘Universities and Schools’ taken together amount to
another 16% or 108 million m2. It is therefore expected that the
methods developed without modifications will be relevant for
between 15% and 25% of the buildings to be constructed in the
years to come. That is if the buildings to be built in the future are
distributed between the different segments, as they have been
for the last 50 years.
Forecast from e.g. Byens Ejendomme, it is expected that Office
buildings in the amount of DKK 170 billion are to be constructed
from 2016 to 2025. This amounts to 10 to 20 billion DKK over the
next 10 years, which corresponds to about 10% to 20% of the
total value of the Danish market for new build and refurbishment
and approximately 1/4 of the value of the market for new build.
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
37
TIMBER
lea rning from the pa st
Historically in Denmark, half-timber construction is the most
widespread system for building with wood. The method allowed
for easy disassembly, due to the use of timber pegs that connect
the different members of the construction. The design was
flexible and the different members could be prefabricated and
composed a highly modular structural system.
This provided the possibility for easy extentions or removable
building parts without changing the overall character of the
building. This also resulted in many buildings being disassembled
and reassembled in other places. The system was spread all
over Europe, resulting in different countries and regions having
different styles and patterns caused by the adaptation to the
local resources. However, the main construction systems are
mostly alike15.
Timber as Design for Disassembly
The reuse of timber components from old construction has been
a common practice in many parts of the world for centuries. In
medieval Europe, a scarcity of suitable construction timber led
to the dismantling of old buildings to recover parts, such as
beams and columns, that could be reused in new buildings. The
construction methods started to adapt to this movement and a
design for disassembly approach was introduced.
In the sixteenth century, in the Swiss region of Appanzell, an
attempt to avoid taxes sprouted another movement of design
for disassembly. The church, which owned the forests, taxed all
building timber. However, they granted free access of the resource
if it was for the purpose of private building on private land. A
small group of entrepreneurs exploited this opportunity and
started to design and build houses on their own private ground
that could easily be disassembled, moved and reassembled on
another piece of land and thereby avoid the tax. 2
< PHOTO Traditional Danish half-timber construction is, as a result of material
scarcity, made as design for disassembly.
15 WEB www.denstoredanske.dk
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
39
STEEL
lea rning from the pa st
The mass production of steel and iron are closely related to
the industrial revolution (1760-1840). Their use became more
widespread during World War II and significantly expanded after
the war, when steel became more available and steel buildings
gained popularity in the mid-20th century.
In the beginning, steel structures were assembled by riveted
connections. The technique of hot-riveting was quickly
introduced to the building industry after being invented for the
shipping and boiler-making industries. The cheapness of the
rivet joints was highly praised, but the inflexibility of the joint
lead to the introduction of highstrength bolts during the 1950s.
At that time, rivets became less common, since the “installation
of rivets required more equipment and manpower”. Besides the
installation of rivets having its disadvantages, high-strength
bolts also offered more strength. Bolted connections were
privileged whendismantling was required, but also in applications
for which rivets were inappropriate, that is, when the grip length
was too long or in connections between wrought and cast iron16.
Steel as Design for Disassembly
In 1851, Britain hosted an international trade and technology fair
that took place in London’s Hyde Park. A building, which came to
be known as the ‘Crystal Palace’ and designed by Joseph Paxton,
was built for the fair under the constraints that it was to be
temporary. Paxton designed the building on a simple system of
prefabricated structural and cladding units that could be quickly
assembled, disassembled and relocated.
The 560- meter-long building was based on a structural grid of
columns linked with standard trusses, made of cast iron. These
trusses were fitted into flanges on the columns and locked into
place with wedges of cast iron or timber. This skeletal frame of
columns and trusses was then clad and roofed using panels of
timber, iron and glass. These factory-produced panels allowed for
the quick assembly and disassembly of the building17.
< PHOTO Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton, was built for the Great Exhibition of 1851 and could quickly be assembled, disassembled and relocated.
16 TXT Evolution of historical riveted connections
17 TXT Riveted connections in historical metal structures
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
41
CONCRETE
lea rning from the pa st
Because of its durability and versatility, concrete is one of the
materials used most in the construction industry today. Already
during the Roman Empire (300 BC to 476 AD), concrete was widely
used. The Pantheon is one of the best known concrete buildings
from that period. The Roman concrete (or opus caementicium)
was made from quicklime, pozzolana and an aggregate of
pumice. Recent studies show that Roman concrete had as much
compressive strength as modern concrete.
’Portland-cement’ is the predominant concrete used today.
One of the major differences between Roman concrete and
Portland-cement is the latter’s ability to set in wet conditions
or underwater.
The development of Portland cement began in 1756, when John
Smeaton needed a cement that would set in wet conditions for
a lighthouse. Later, Portland cement was used to make a mortar
stronger than the traditional lime mortar, allowing for a faster
pace of construction. By 1930, Portland mortar became more
popular than lime mortar.
Concrete as Design for Disassembly
Unfortunately, the widespread use of Portland cement has its
disadvantages. The concrete is so strong that it has become
impossible to ’disassemble’ two materials that it holds together,
so it doesn’t allow the reuse of bricks, for example. Mechanical
connections for concrete were widely used in the 1970s and
allowed for disassembly. But because of efficiency improvements
in the construction industry and increased requirements in fire
regulations, the Danish building sector has completely stopped
using this technique.
A clear example of a concrete structure designed for disassembly
is Kisho Kurokawas Nakagin Capsule Tower, from 1972. It consists
of 140 prefabricated concrete modules that are connected to a
central structure and are designed to be interchangeable.
< PHOTO Kisho Kurokawas Nakagin Capsule Tower (’72) consists of 140 prefabricated concrete modules that is connected to a central structure and are designed
to be interchangeable.
MOTIVATIONS
essentials
43
In this chapter MT Højgaard explains
how they work with BIM and VDC.
CHAPTER
3
DIMENSIONS
INTRODUCTION
to bim a nd vdc
THE SEVENTH DIMENSION
optimizing the design
INTRODUCTION
to bim a nd vdc
The development and use of digital tools in the construction
industry identifies a new area with increasing focus on
efficiency and productivity. These tools were initially designed
for optimizing the design and construction phases, but over the
years have been developed to be able to support the required
data and features that are needed for future recycling and the
introduction of a circular economy.
Two strong tools are especially relevant when talking about
intelligent design and construction in combination with circular
economy: Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Virtual Design
and Construction (VDC).
BIM and VDC
With BIM, the 3D visualization of a construction can be modeled,
hence 2D drawings are transformed into 3D models, making it
possible to 3D-visualize the construction to be built. In addition,
every single construction part is identified with exact dimensions
and characteristics (i.e., type of concrete, quality of steel). This
gives access to detailed information about the entire project
with respect to the final design, constructability and provides a
model and drawings that are kept fully updated throughout the
entire process.
In order to increase the productivity in the construction industry,
MT Højgaard has worked intensively to develop the optimal tool
for Virtual Design and Construction, taking the basis in BIM, since
this is a tool that has been widely implemented and used in the
industry up to now.
MT Højgaard has succeeded in combining all of the detailed
information with respect to the project schedule for the design
and construction phase with the existing data in BIM, making it
possible to simulate the exact and detailed construction process
day-by-day throughout the entire process.
THE SEVEN DIMENSIONS
essentials
45
It is hereby possible to identify all potential routes for optimization
in order to save time, save building material, predict possible
collision conflicts etc. So far, the companies in the forefront with
regard to using VDC experience that tremendous resources are
saved by implementing this type of modelling in advance of the
actual construction of a structure (building, bridge, or power plant
etc.). So far, the experience at MT Højgaard, working with VDC in
order to increase the productivity in the construction phase, has
been that VDC is an efficient tool when it comes to optimizing a
project.
Moreover, VDC facilitates a close collaboration between the
client, architects, construction companies, engineers and main
suppliers, allowing all competencies to be involved at an early
stage of the project and facilitating the optimization of the
project with regards to solutions chosen, performance of the
building etc. and by logging the data for later use. This data is
used and updated during the construction phase and can be used
over the lifetime of the building for operation and maintenance.
VDC ensures that ‘one model’ holds all relevant information with
regard to design, construction, operation and maintenance of a
certain structure.
Hence, VDC holds all information with respect to full maintenance
of the structure throughout the entire lifetime. VDC is basically
BIM (the detailed 3D visualization of the design), with the
following information added:
•
•
•
Information about time schedule during the construction
phase.
Information about the economy related to the exact choice
of building materials and amounts of these, as well as the
solutions chosen.
All specific data needed in order to manage full maintenance
of the construction over the entire life time.
THE SEVEN DIMENSIONS
essentials
47
Hence, when adding detailed information about all the
construction materials in use, including amount, location
and price, it becomes possible to follow and identify each
component in the entire structure. It is therefore only a matter
of introducing a new element to the information already in the
model, if a material passport is to be introduced in order to log
the historical data for each construction component. When using
the Virtual Design and Construction tool also with regard to later
recirculation of materials, unique data for each component in a
structure will be available and can be tracked at any time with
respect to information like location, time of exposure and other
relevant information for a material passport. Unique data sets
and history are available in a new way, making the construction
components available for future use in a whole new manner.
VDC/BIM and Material Passports - Modelling
As explained by MT Højgaards Niels W. Falk, when the research
team visited MT Højgaards VDC laboratories in Søborg in May,
all information regarding the different structural elements can
be entered into the model. This is shown on the screen picture
below, where all information on a certain element is shown in the
right side of the picture.
However, it is recommended that only information identifying the
unique element be entered into the model, as that would allow the
model to operate faster. As long as all elements of the structure
are uniquely identifiable in the model, all other information on
the unique characteristics of the structural elements can be
kept in a separate database, as long as there is access to this
information.
There are no limits to the amount of information that can be
attached to the unique structural elements. It is recommended
that all data relevant for a material passport is incorporated into
the VDC/BIM model that is also is going to be used for operation
and maintenance.
THE SEVEN DIMENSIONS
essentials
49
THE SEVENTH DIMENSION
optimizing the design
1,2,3D
The traditional
A Run down of All Dimensions
The 1st, 2nd and 3rd dimension of the VDC/BIM model are the
traditional geometric dimensions i.e. length, width and height.
The fourth dimension is the integration of the time schedule and
the geometric model.
geometric
dimensions
1: HEIGHT
2: WIDTH
3: DEPTH
The 5th dimension the integration of the costs/quantities with
the three dimensional figure.
4,5,6D
Todays advanced
VDC/BIM operation
and modelling
4: TIME
5: ECONOMY
6: OPERATION
7D
The future introduction of reuse of
building elements
7: REUSE
The 4th dimension is the time schedule of the construction work.
The 6th Dimension is the integration of data for maintenance
and operation into the VDC/BIM model. This information not only
enables the client and the facilities manager to maintain and
operate a building, it is also part of the design parameters used
in the design phase to optimize the design of a building in order
to ensure the lowest Life Cycle Costs (LCC) of the building and the
optimal operation .
The 7th dimension is therefore the integration of data for
disassembling and recycling of the structural elements into the
VDC/BIM model. That would not only enable the client to sell off
the structural elements of his building when it reaches the end
of its life or has to be refurbished for other purposes, it would also
allow the client and his consultant (i.e. architects, contractors
and engineers) to take this information into consideration at the
time the building/ structure is designed, and thereby not only to
design and construct the building with the lowest Life Cycle Cost
(LCC), best design and performance, but also the building with
the highest value when it comes to recycling.
THE SEVEN DIMENSIONS
essentials
51
In this chapter we learn about the
casestudy project used as a point of
reference throughout the booklets.
CHAPTER
4
CASESTUDY
INTRODUCTION
to ’de fire styrelser’
THE BUILDING
function and construction
INTRODUCTION
to ’de fire sty relser’
LOCATION
YEAR
DEVELOPER
TEAM
SIZE
TYPE
<
SECTION AA 1:1000 View of ht
<
SECTION BB 1:1000 View of ht
Kalvebod Brygge, Denmark
Competition, 2014
The Danish Government
3XN, MT Højgaard, DEAS and Balslev
37.839 m2
Office Building
There are lots of numbers circulating about the perceived or
expected value of the introduction of a model for Circular Economy
in different societies. However, most of these estimates are made
for the society as such or for industries that are different to the
construction industry. An estimate of the value of the introduction
of a ‘Circular Economy Model’ for the structural part of the
superstructure in the Danish construction industry is therefore
needed. In order to make such an estimate of the number and
values involved in the introduction of a ‘Circular Economy Model’,
we have decided to make an estimate of the values involved based
the 3XN and MT Højgaard turnkey bid project for ‘De Fire Styrelser’.
The project is among the largest and most complex headquarters
built in Denmark and therefore perfect for a case study – as the
principles developed for such a complicated building will be
easy to use for smaller and less complicated buildings. Thus, it
is on of the safe side with regards to economic value to base our
estimate of the economic value of a Circular Economy Model on
this project. The project is also interesting because it is a Private
Public Partnership (PPP) that requires the contractors (and their
architects) not only to compete on the design and functionality,
as well as the price of the project – but also on the operation
and maintenance costs of the project over a 30-year period. The
costs of operation and maintenance over a 30-year period for
such a project are approximately 50% of the value of the contract
with the client. Consequently, this kind of competition forces the
competing contractors to focus on the Life Cycle Costs (LCC) of the
project and not only on the construction costs. That will always
result in a better and more robust building of higher quality – and
therefore more sustainable buildings.
CASESTUDY
essentials
55
<
PHOTO Visualization of ’De Fire Styrelser’ seen from above
CASESTUDY
essentials
57
THE BUILDING
function a nd construction
De Fire Styrelser’ is an office hub for four Danish government
agencies and will house: the Transport Authority, Banedanmark,
the Energy Authority and the Danish Road Directorate. The building
is located on Kalvebod Brygge in the centre of Copenhagen in
Denmark.
Cores
Loadbearing facades
<
DIAGRAM View of the loadbearing facades and cores
Concrete slab elements
Cores
Loadbearing
The vision for the building is to create a flexible and future-proof
office building with an inspiring and healthy environment. The
workplace framework provides for movement, social interaction
and sharing of knowledge, in a working environment with great
visual experiences and where the individual users can work more
or less privately, according to their needs, and have influence on
facades
the indoor climate.
The main architectural concept for the government office hub is
the desire to have single building around the public park in the
centre of the site. This creates room for cooperation and synergy
through social interaction. A number of divisions of the body of
the building give an organic adaptation in the green park area and
excellent opportunities for views from the workplace.
Building Structure
The building represents a typical new office building in Denmark,
but it contains a few twists that make is a bit more complex than
a basic rectangular column-beam building. The main structure of
the building is concrete slab elements, with load bearing facades
and cores. The elements are spanning width-way across the ’arms’
of the building (see diagram on left page) like traditional office
wings
Loadbearing Structure
Flexible areas
<
DIAGRAM Traditional office wings transformed
into a coherent and inspiring office hub
This case study will focus only on the closed structure of the
building, and therefore not installations, interior, etc.
Foundations and Ground Slab
The lower level covers the entire construction field and is founded
on piles. The floor on the ground level is concrete cast on site in
level with existing terrain. It is impregnated and polished with wax,
which makes it easy to clean and requires minimal maintenance.
CASESTUDY
essentials
59
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7.1
Toiletter Toiletter
(14p)
(15p)
7.3
2.7
Flex-rum
7.2
Gard.
9.3
Cykelparkering
Arkivrum
9.75
2.5
2.8
Flex-rum
2.2 B
Udgang fra
café område
Møderum
10-15p
2.7
2.6
Caféer
Møderum
6-8p
9.0
9.75
10.5
6.0
10.5
Udgang fra
café område
9.0
Udgang fra
café område
9.3
Cykelparkering
10.5
1.4
1.5
10.5
Flex-rum
Caféer
9.5
1.2 B
1.7
8.0
6.0
7.3
Møderum
10-15p
Udgang fra
café område
Kopirum
7.2
Gard.
1.2 B
7.4
Arkivrum
1.1
1.4
A (9
p)
1.6
Møderum
6-8p
Flex-rum
1.5
Caféer
1.7
1.4
7.1
Toiletter
Terrasse
(1
0p
)
Møderum
10-15p
A
1.2 B
1.2 B
7.2
1.4
Gard.
Arkivrum
1.1
A (1
1.5
8.75
1.1
A
(1
7.1
1.2 B
6.0
A
(1
)
5p
1.2 B
1.6
7.5
Toiletter
1.1
1.7
Møderum
10-15p
Reng.
7.1
Møderum
6-8p
1.4
5p
)
(1
1.2 C
Gard.
7.3
1.6
Kopirum
1.4
1.2 B
Møderum
6-8p
1.6
1.4
Flex-rum
Møderum
6-8p
1.6
Møderum
6-8p
1.1 A (15p)
7.1
Toiletter
Toiletter
Møderum
10-15p
1.1 A (14p)
7.2
Flex-rum
6.0
7.1
1.7
1.6
Møderum
6-8p
7.3
Kopirum
1.2 B
1.2 B
7.3
Kopirum
1.1
Flex-rum
A (1
3p
)
Toiletter
Møderum
6-8p
7.0
7.4
Arkivrum
1.1
1.6
1.2 C
1.4
Flex-rum
Arkivrum
Caféer
0p)
Flex-rum
)
5p
7.4
1.2 C
A
7.4
1 .1
Kopirum
1.6
Møderum
6-8p
7.3
10.0
8.5
1.2 B
1.1
Flex-rum
1.1 A (11p)
1.2 B
A (1
5p)
Cores, Facades and Windows
The main structure is stabilized by the few solid cores around,
through stairs and elevators. The facades are load carrying and
enable office floors without interior columns; the only bearing
walls are around the shafts and elevator cores. This provides
optimal flexibility for unimpeded rebuilding and reprogramming
of the building. By allowing the wall elements to contribute to the
stability of the structure, a building with a minimum number of
inner bearings is obtained. From an overall economic perspective,
this facade solution is also optimal in terms of construction and
operation.
The windows are a combination of wood, which is a renewable
material, aluminum, which is maintenancefree, and an
intermediate composite profile that efficiently insulates and
prevents condensation.
Slabs and Roof
The floor and roof are rendered as 400mm pre-stressed hollow
core slabs, which range freely between the curtain walls. Where
office wings are merging, the slabs are carried by steel composite
beams, as SWT or Peikko, which attaches to facades, shaft
walls and individual columns. Thus, there are little or no beams
protruding down into the office space, ensuring optimal conditions
for the horizontal transfer of the installations and possibly later
expansion.
Outer Walls and Windows
The outer walls of the offices are rough plastered concrete with
dust binding. The surface will appear as ”new” in the lifetime of
the building, and from an overall economic perspective saving
paint for the walls, which would otherwise have to be painted
every 6-7 years.
<
SECTION Showing the structure and the materials of the building
The general exterior walls are molded brick. Tile is a natural
material that requires minimal maintenance, which can last up to
100 years if the joints are done correctly, and at the same time
age gracefully for many years and contribute to the building’s
distinctive identity.
CASESTUDY
essentials
63
When you redesign the way we make
things, you invent a lot of new words.
In this chapter we have collected and
explained some of them.
CHAPTER
G
GLOSSARY
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
words and phrases used in the project
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
words and phrases used in the project
Biological cycles
In biological cycles, non-toxic materials are restored into the
biosphere while rebuilding natural capital, after being cascaded
into different applications.
Biosphere
The biosphere denotes the global sum of all ecosystems on
the planet, including all life forms and their environment. This
corresponds to a thin layer of the earth and its atmosphere –
extending to about 20 km.
Circular economy
A circular economy is a global economic model that decouples
economic growth and development from the consumption of
finite resources. It is restorative by design, and aims to keep
products, components and materials at their highest utility and
value, at all times.
Closed loop
In a closed loop, used products come back to the original
manufacturer and components or materials are used again to
produce new products of the same type.
Complementary risk indicators
The complementary risk indicators described in this methodology
give an indication on the urgency of implementing circular
practices. These are related to the drivers for a change from the
current linear model and include measurements for material
scarcity or toxicity. Component In general, a component is part
or element of a larger whole, for example, a product, especially a
part of a machine or vehicle.
Downcycling
Downcycling is a process converting materials into new materials
of lesser quality and reduced functionality.
Life cycle assessment (LCA)
LCA is a technique to assess the environmental aspects and
potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service.
It is derived by compiling an inventory of relevant energy and
material inputs and environmental releases and evaluating the
potential environmental impacts associated with identified
inputs and releases.
Lifetime
The lifetime is the total amount of time a product is in use,
including potential reuse of the whole product. The lifetime can
be increased by repair or maintenance.
Linear economy
A linear economy consists of ‘take, make, dispose’ industrial
processes and associated lifestyles resulting in a depletion of
finite reserves. Virgin materials are used to create products that
end up in landfills or incinerators.
Linear flow
The linear part of the material flow of a product is the part that
comes from virgin materials and ends up as landfill (or energy
recovery).
Natural capital
Natural Capital can be defined as the earth’s stocks of natural
assets, which include geology, soil, air, water and all living things.
Reference product
For a range of products with similar material composition,
recycled and reused content, recycling and reuse at end-of-use,
and utility, one of these products is selected to represent the
whole product range in the aggregation on a department or
company level.
GLOSSARY
essentials
69
Recycling
Recycling is the process of recovering materials for the original
purpose or for other purposes. The materials recovered feed back
into the process as crude feedstock. Recycling excludes energy
recovery.
Refurbishment
Refurbishment is the process of returning a product to good
working condition by replacing or repairing major components
that are faulty or close to failure and making cosmetic changes
to update the appearance of a product, such as changing fabric
or painting.
Remanufacture
Remanufacture denotes the process of disassembly and
recovery at the sub-assembly or component level. Functioning,
reusable parts are taken out of a used product and rebuilt into a
new one. This process includes quality assurance and potential
enhancements or changes to the components.
Restorative Flow
The restorative part of the material flow of a product is the
proportion that comes from reused or recycled sources and is
restored through reuse or recycling.
Reuse
To reuse a product is to reintroduce it for the same purpose and
in its original form, following minimal maintenance and cosmetic
cleaning. Within this methodology, this is considered via an
increase of the product’s utility (lifetime or functional units). If
a product cannot be reused as a whole, individual components
can be reused in a functional way. Within this methodology this
is considered through the fraction Fu of the mass of feedstock for
the product from reused sources and the fraction Cu of mass of
the product going into component reuse.
Service Model
A business model in which customers pay for services instead of
products. For example, this would include leasing, short-term
hire or performance based usage contracts. Sub-assembly A unit
assembled separately but designed to be incorporated with other
units into a larger manufactured product.
Technical Cycles
In technical cycles, products, components and materials are
restored into the market at the highest possible quality and
for as long as possible, through repair and maintenance, reuse,
refurbishment, remanufacture, and ultimately recycling. Total
mass flow The total mass flow for a product is derived as the sum
of the amounts of material flowing in a linear and a restorative
fashion.
Unrecovered Waste
Unrecoverable waste includes waste going to landfill, waste to
energy and any other type of process after the use of a product
where the materials are no longer recoverable. Upcycling Upcycling
denotes a process of converting materials into new materials of
higher quality and increased functionality.
Use Phase
The use phase of a product starts when it reaches its first users
and ends when it is not reused any more as a whole. After the use
phase, components can be reused and the rest of the product can
go into recycling, energy recovery or landfill.
Utility
The utility of a product measures how long and intensely it is
used compared to an average product of the same type. The
utility is derived from the lifetime and functional units of a
product (compared to an industry-average product of the same
type).
Virgin Material
Material that has not been previously used or consumed, or
subjected to processing other than for its original production.
GLOSSARY
essentials
71
TEXTS, PUBLICATIONS AND ARTICLES
Hot, Flat and Crowded
Thomas L. Friedman, 2008
The Brookings Institution
Ph.D Homi Kharas, Washington DC, 2011
Den Store omstilling
CHAPTER
Jørgen Steen Nielsen, Informations forlag, 2012
Global Construction 2025
S
PWC, 2013
Resource Revolution: Trend Survey-Tracking global commodity markets
McKinsey Global Institute, 2013
How to capture the biggest business opportunity in a century
Stefan Heck and Matt Rogers, Melcher Medea, 2014
Evolution of historical riveted connections: joining typologies, installation techniques and calculation methods.
Q. Collette, I. Wouters, L. Lauriks. Department of Arch. Engineering Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2011
Riveted connections in historical metal structures (1840-1940)
Q. Collette. Department of Architectual Engineering Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2014
United Nations Environment Programme
unep.org/climatechange/mitigation/Buildings/tabid/104348/Default.aspx
US Department of Defence
defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=118766
Resource Revolution: Tracking global commodity markets
McKinsey Global Institute, 2013
Commodity Market Monthly
International Monetary Fund, Sept. 10th 2015
WEBPAGES
SOURCES
slimlinebuildings.com/downloads/FundamentalSustainableFutureProofing.pdf
denstoredanske.dk/It,_teknik_og_naturvidenskab/Teknik/Byggeri_og_byggeteknik/bindingsv%C3%A6rk
footprintnetwork.org/ar/index.php/GFN/page/world_footprint/
dbresearch.com
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_world_product
http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=iron-ore&months=360
PROJECT PARTNERS
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CHAPTER
C
MT Højgaard
John Sommer and Gitte Krusholm Nielsen
VIA Byggeri
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Vugge til Vugge Danmark
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ADVISORY COMMITTE
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ISBN: 978-87-998670-0-4
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