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Human Body Systems Human Body Organization The Human Body is composed of Organ Systems are composed of Organs are composed of Tissues are composed of Cells Circulatory System Major Structures • heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph nodes and vessels, lymph Functions • transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases Interactions with other systems • Nervous system : – The brain regulates heart rate and blood pressure. • Respiratory system – Gas exchange in the lungs • Carbon dioxide and Oxygen Cells of the Circulatory System • Red Blood Cells are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide. • White Blood Cells attack and destroy germs when they enter the body. • Platelets are blood cells that help stop bleeding. • Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. Digestive System Major Structures • mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines Functions • extracts and absorbs nutrients from food; removes wastes; maintains water and chemical balances Interactions with other systems • Integumentary system – vitamin D activated in the skin plays a role in absorption of calcium from the digestive tract. • Reproduction system, – Adequate availability of nutrients, including fats, is essential for conception and normal development. Sequence of food pathway through system •Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Food processing begins with ingestion (eating). The teeth aid in mechanical digestion by masticating (chewing) food. Upon entering the esophagus, peristalsis (wave-like contractions) of smooth muscle carries the bolus toward the stomach. From the esophagus, the bolus passes through a sphincter (muscular ring) into the stomach. • In the stomach, food undergoes chemical and mechanical digestion. • Parts of the colon absorb water and minerals from the undigested food and compact the remaining material into feces. • Gallbladder contains Bile that emulsifies (breaks into small particles) lipids (fats), which aids in the mechanical digestion of fats. • Tiny villi (finger-like projections) cover the walls of the small intestine. The increased contact causes more efficient food absorption Digestive System • What Benefits Do Gut Bacteria Provide? • Bacteria are very useful to the human digestive system because they produce enzymes that digest the polysaccharides in plant cell walls. When we eat plant material, some of it contributes to the fiber in our diet, which is good for a healthy colon, but without the enzymes released by friendly bacteria, most of their nutritional value of vegetables would be wasted. • Some species of bacteria in the digestive system make vitamin K and vitamins from the B group – which are difficult to obtain from food and cannot be manufactured by humans. As well as their helpful effects in maintaining an optimum pH and stimulating the immune system, friendly gut bacteria may also help in breaking down drugs, hormones that are not needed any more, and environmental substances that have the potential to be cancercausing. As the bacteria that live in the human gut are beneficial to their host, and the bacteria enjoy a safe environment to live, the relationship that we have with these tiny organisms is described as symbiosis or mutualism. Endocrine System Major Structures • hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, pineal, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, testes, and ovaries Functions • regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems Interactions with other systems • Nervous system and circulatory system Excretory System Major Structures • kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, skin, lungs Functions • removes wastes from blood; regulates concentration of body fluids Immune System Major Structures • white blood cells, lymph nodes and vessels, skin Functions • defends against pathogens and diseases Cells of the immune system Integumentary System Major Structures • skin, nails, hair,fat,nerves and blood vessels Functions • protects against injury, infection, production of Vitamin D, and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature • Interactions with other systems – Immune system • First line of defense against infection – Nervous system • The complex network of the nerves present all over the skin helps send and receive important impulses to and from the brain, thus playing a vital role in sense of touch. Cells of the Integumentary • The melanocyte produces pigment (melanin) • The Langerhans' cell is the frontline defense of the immune system in the skin • Adipose cells prove insulation from heat and cold Muscular System Major Structures • skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues Functions • moves limbs and trunk; moves substances through body; provides structure and support Interactions with other systems • • It helps the skeletal system to provide skeletal movement It helps the digestive system to control entrances and exits of digestive tract • it works with the endocrine system to produce heat • it works with the nervous system to sense things • it works with the respiratory system to allow the diaphragm to expand • it works with the cardiovascular system to provide circulation Types of Muscle Cells Nervous System Major Structures • brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Functions • regulates behavior; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems; controls sensory and motor functions Nerve Cells •Sensory (or afferent) neurons: send information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) TOWARD the central nervous system. •Motor (or efferent) neurons: send information AWAY from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. •Interneurons: send information between sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most interneurons are located in the central nervous system. Reproductive System Major Structures • ovaries, uterus, and breasts (in females); testes and penis (in males) Functions • The male and female gonads (testes and ovaries) produce sex cells (ova and sperm) and the hormones necessary for the proper development, maintenance, and production of gametes and offspring Egg Sperm Gametes of the Reproduction system Respiratory System Major Structures • lungs, nose, mouth, trachea Functions • moves air into and out of lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs Oxygen and carbon dioxide Gas exchange Skeletal System Major Structures • bones joints and Bone marrow Functions • protects and supports the body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles; produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Interactions with other systems • Nervous System – Bones provide calcium that is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. • Circulatory system – The skeletal system also protects internal organs and produces blood cells. Cells of the Skeletal System Cells in the Bone that work with the Circulatory System