Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
MUL 2010 Cristina Verdesoto – Broward College Romanticism 1820-1900 Cultural movement that emphasized emotion, subjectivity and imagination. Artists stressed individuality and freedom of expression. Their personalities came through in their works, many were autobiographical. Several sources of inspiration for Romantics: o fantasy, world of dreams, the supernatural and irrational o NATURE o The Middle Ages, there was a “Gothic Revival” o Folk music from home countries or beyond o Literature o Romantic love The Industrial Revolution caused great changes in society, bigger urban areas, larger middle class. Paris, France becomes artistic center of Europe. Characteristics of Romantic Music: - Individuality of style - Expressive subjects - Expressive tone color (importance of specific instruments). Larger orchestra ~100 musicians. - Exploited and played with the sounds of instruments, register, dynamics, tempo, etc. p, pp, pppp, f, ff, ffff - The piano was the favorite instrument, which had been improved in the 1800’s to be more expressive. - More colorful harmony, more dissonances and tension. - Forms were mostly the same from Classical period (symphonies, concertos, etc) but either much larger, or “miniatures”: very short works. - NATIONALISM – important political movement that influenced music. Love for one’s own country, its history, legends, folk music, etc. More intently felt within smaller, less dominant nations. In U.S.: Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829-1869), first American concert pianist to gain recognition, wrote music using African-American, Cuban, Latin influences. - EXOTICISM – fascination with music or culture from foreign lands. (Asia, Africa, etc) - PROGRAM MUSIC – music that has a “program”, it has a title and is associated with a story, poem, scene, idea. Romantic Composers: Inspired by Beethoven as “free artist”. Wrote music to fulfill their needs, not as commissions. Most were middle class people from non-musical families and who wrote music for a middle class audience. Had no wealthy patrons, aristocracy could no longer afford orchestras/composers. More public concerts, music organizations and conservatories formed. More music students than ever before. Virtuoso players and solo recitals appear. The piano is very important and very popular, many people had one at home. Composers had to teach, perform, conduct or write besides writing music to make ends meet. ART SONG: Piece for voice and piano. The piano sets scene. Based on poetry. Known as “Lied” (the German term for art song with German text) Strophic: same music for all stanzas. Through-composed: different music for each stanza. Song cycle: set of several songs unified by a similar theme, same poet, etc. FRANZ SCHUBERT (1797-1828) Austrian composer and pianist Wrote many works for orchestra, piano and voice for the middle class. Spent his time at “Schubertiads”, playing his music. Known for his more than 600 art songs like the “Erlkonig” (or Erlking) Ex. The Erlking - Art song (piano and voice) - A poem set to music FREDERIC CHOPIN (1810-1849) Polish composer and virtuoso pianist Wrote almost exclusively for the piano, made the piano “sing” with very passionate, lyrical melodies. Moved to Paris, gave lessons, performed, wrote music. Lived in luxury. Ex. Nocturne Op.9 No. 2 - A nocturne was a light piece intended to be played at night. - For piano solo FRANZ LISZT (1811-1886) Hungarian virtuoso pianist and composer Waned to become the “Paganini of the Piano”, practiced a lot to become greatest pianist in Europe. Handsome, charismatic showman with incredible ability for piano. Considered a“ living legend” Taught piano, wrote books, conducted. Wrote many piano works exploiting the piano, created the “symphonic poem” (1 mvt orchestral work based on literature) Inspired by death, the devil, the supernatural. HECTOR BERLIOZ (1803-1869) French composer Wrote mainly monumental orchestral and vocal works. Wrote a program symphony: "Symphonie Fantastique", based on an autobiographical story o 5 mvts o For huge orchestra o includes "fixed idea" - recurring melody representing the "beloved" PIOTR ILYCH TCHAIKOVSKY (1840-1893) Russian composer International style mixed with Russian flavor Wrote symphonies, concertos, and very famous ballets: o Swan Lake o The Nutcracker o Sleeping Beauty Romantic Opera Mainly Italian composers such as Verdi and Puccini. Bel canto (beautiful singing) opera, some of the most beloved and well-known operas. RICHARD WAGNER (1813-1883) German composer Wrote mainly orchestral works and operas Involved in all aspects of his operas: music, libretto, production, scenery, etc. Called his operas "music dramas" o continuous flow of music (no recitatives, arias, etc) o Included "leitmotifs": melodies associated with a character, place, idea, etc o Dissonant, a lot of tension in music o "The Ring" - set of 4 operas, well known Built his own concert hall to perform his operas in Bayreuth, Germany German nationalist, his music was Hitler’s favorite and was used as Nazi propaganda