Download Civilization - teachersource


Economic Changes: New technology i.e
Irrigation systems, freed ppl to develop skills
besides farming. Ex: wheel & sail

Social Changes: social classes with varying
wealth, power, and influence emerged.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Advanced Cities: center for trade
Specialized Workers: the wide range of crafts
helped cities become centers of trade
(clothing, jewelry, pottery)
Complex institutions: Order isneeded
Record keeping: tax collections, passage of
laws, storage.
Technology: irrigation, ox-drawn plows
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/376828/Mesopota
mia



“Land between two rivers”
3000 BCE Sumer was population reached
100,000
Between 3200 and 2350 BCE numerous
Sumerian city-states were formed. Shared
the same culture but developed own govts
with own rulers. (Uruk, Kish, UR, etc.)
Ziggurat: massive stepped pyramids built
to house temples and altars to principal
deity.
 Cuneiform Writing: involved pictures
pressed into clay (kyoo-nee-uh-fawrm)
-Started for record keeping, but soon the
graphic symbols represented sounds
-literacy
-Epic of Gilgamesh

(Uruk, required 1500 labors working 10 hours per day for 5 years)
3000 BCE -2000BCE city-states were
constantly at war.
 Hammurabi's code: 1st written form of law,
laws dealt with family, community,
businesses, and crime.
-282 laws written on stone and posted
-laws had different punishments for rich/poor,
men/women.
-eye for an eye concept

Law:
Made
consequences
Writing:
More ppl, more spec labor, need
for a unified writing system to
maintain order
Specialized Labor:Specialization allowed cities
to turn into trade centers,
need for record keeping
Agriculture:
Allowed ppl stay in one location, more foods, more
ppl, more technology, freed time for specialization
3000 BCE, unlike the rivers in Meso, the Nile
overflowed once annually. **Irrigation**
 “the gift of the Nile”
 Most communities were Ag Villages engaged in
local trade.
 Pharaoh, the King of Egypt, constructed
pyramids
 Role of king differed:
Meso Kings= representatives of Gods
Egpt Kings=are the Gods



Mummification: Embalming and drying the
corpse to prevent decaying.
Believed in afterlife, unlike Meso.





Shaped like a pyramid
Social Ranking: Not locked into their
classes, able to gain higher status.
Hieroglyphics: writing system, started
simple and soon could almost be used like
letters of an alphabet
Both Meso & Egpt were polytheists.
Both Meso & Egpt were patriarchal cities
The Egyptian civilization was similar to the
Sumerian civilization
a. In its reliance on natural defense barriers
b. In its system of social stratification
c. In its political structure
d. In the extent to which its culture was
diffused
e. In the nature of the flood pattern of its
major rivers
Migrated throughout sub- Saharan Africa
2000-1000BCE
 Two Features that helped spread: Use of
Canoes & Ag surpluses enable pop increase
from place to place.
 Spread of CULTURE
 1000 BCE Iron Tools allowed cultivators to clear
land and expand Ag.
 Established Ag Societies throughout SubSaharan Africa: yams, oil palms, millet, sheep,
pigs, and cattle.

Which of the following describes a major effect
of Bantu Migrations?
a. The single common religion in sub-Saharan
Africa
b. The diffusion of irrigation techniques in East
Africa
c. Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan
Africa
d. The political integration between Bantu ppl
and Indian sailors
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Political
Economic
Social
Govts, Laws, leaders
Crops, technology,
specialized labor,
buildings, writing
Religion, structure,
Political
Economic
Social
Mesopotamia
City-states, Code of
Hammurabi
Grains, Wheel & Sail=
trade, Cuneiform,
Metallurgy ,
Irrigation, invasions,
unpredictable rivers
Village life,
pyramids,
Hieroglyphics,
Polytheism,
Stratified Society
Egypt
Pharaohs, Kingdom of
Kush
Barley, Ironworking, Ziggurat,
Irrigation, “gift of the Polytheism,
Nile” , trade,
Stratified Society
invasions




2500BCE another advanced civilization
emerged. (present day Pakistan)
While Egypt was building pyramids, Indus
people were laying bricks in India’s first cities.
Historians know less b/c the writing has yet to
be deciphered.
2 major cities arose Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro






Like Meso, Indus River was unpredictable
Monsoons, with cycles of wet and dry
They build strong levees, to keep the water,
and human made islands to raise cities.
Unlike Meso, their cities were laid out on a
precise grid system, granaries
Buildings were build with oven-baked bricks
cut into standard sizes.
Plumbing and sewage systems pg47



All of this organization, suggests a strong
central govt.
Culture, like Meso and Egpt was based on
Agriculture.
Little social division, artifacts show a
prosperous society, few weapons,
emphasis on animals





Religion: like Meso, ruler was the tie to Gods
Evidence of the Hindu religion
Trade: Gold, Silver with Afghanistan. Precious
stones with Persia.
Indus River was key to transportation
Around 1750 BCE the cities gradually fell:
Earthquakes, flooding, and deforestation.
The Indus River Valley
a. Relied heavily on communal planning
b. Is best studied though its written records
c. Was isolated from other river valley
civilizations because of mountains
d. Declined after the arrival of the Aryan
invaders
e. Shared similar flood control concerns as
Egptians