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RC onsulting Group Smart Grids -> Integración (2) Seminario Redes Inteligentes UN Sesión 11, Mayo 6, 2011 [email protected] Servicio y Experiencia RC onsulting Group Integración de Modelos Servicio y Experiencia Common Information Model: CIM 3 Group RConsulting UML en el mercado eléctrico Las compañías eléctricas deben intercambiar modelos tanto interna como externamente Adicionalmente, es necesario modelar las relaciones entre los modelos eléctrico y de sistemas de software de soporte Los modelos CIM 61970-301 and 61968-11 soportan respectivamente el intercambio de datos de sistemas eléctricos y de sistemas de software Group RConsulting El modelo CIM El Common Information Model de la International Electrotechnical Commission es estándar mundial para la representación de sistemas eléctricos Describe los elementos necesarios para describir los componentes necesarios para las interfaces con sistemas de gestión de energía Es un modelo independiente de cualquier lenguaje, tecnología y formato de datos Si bien puede parecer complejo, simplifica enormemente la interoperabilidad entre aplicaciones de software Group RConsulting El modelo CIM El CIM está orientado a sistemas: • de gestión y transmisión de energía (EMS y DMS) • de planeación de la distribución/transmisión • de gestión de bienes de trabajo • de información del cliente • de información geográfica • de gestión de fallas • de gestión de personal y cuadrillas “La electricidad fluye de la misma forma en cualquier parte del mundo, por lo tanto, podemos construir un modelo que todos podamos utilizar y del que todos podamos beneficiarnos” (Mackiewicz y Synder, 2008) Group RConsulting El modelo CIM: estado del arte Actualmente se está trabajando sobre el CIM para modelos dinámicos El Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) comenzó a trabajar en marzo de 2008 sobre este proyecto Las necesidades de estos modelos son: • análisis de contingencia • evaluación de contingencias que conducen a un evento catastrófico • determinar los puntos donde la red necesita ser actualizada • realizar simulaciones sobre modelos más complejos Group RConsulting Diagrama de paquetes del CIM (from Generat ion) (from Generat ion) Group RConsulting Estructura de clases del CIM Group RConsulting Asociaciones en el CIM Group RConsulting Circuito con objetos CIM Group RConsulting Transformador con objetos CIM Group RConsulting Transmission Model Connected: all model elements are normally connected. Meshed network normally with several loops Know topology and operating conditions One common model for most applications: State Estimation, Power Flow, etc. Well planned additions/modifications known far in advance: almost static Model includes only “permanent” elements. Graphical representation does not change frequently. 13 Group RConsulting Distribution Model Two types: “European” 3 phase distribution transformers, closely balanced, large portions under ground; “American”: mix of 1 and 3 phase transformers, unbalanced, mostly overhead Geographical representation required: GIS systems feeding other systems requiring this type of data Sizing Substations in the 10s or at most in the 100s Multiple interfaces to transmission: 10 – 20 feeders per substation. Several “nodes/segments” per feeder: 100 A number of distribution transformers: typically 100s per feeder Multiple interfaces to other feeders (tie-switches) Model elements:200x10x500= 1000000 typically Note: could be more for 3 phase models. onsulting 14 RC Group Distribution Model “Loosely coupled” model: feeders are at a certain time only connected to the network at one point Radially operated Feeder topology not know precisely (i.e. fuses) Few available measurements Model includes “temporary” elements that affect the database: – Jumper – cuts and – Grounds Very dynamic: every day new elements are modified, added or deleted. Need to update frequently the graphic representation onsulting 15 RC Group Connectivity Transmission – Provided by SCADA: network coloring – Provided by Network applications: for detecting islanding and other conditions based on SCADA data. Distribution – Provided by GIS and maintained by the applications – Tracing and other applications based on topology are key for Simulation 16 Group RConsulting Operation Transmission: results are not obvious, drills oriented to critical situations – Preventive Mode: mostly oriented to power network contingency solution – Solution Mode: oriented to restoration practice (recovery from blackout or islanding condition) – Analysis/planning mode: solving hypothetical what if type of questions and future conditions Distribution: in most of the cases results are predictable – Solution mode: oriented to support a “crisis” upon occurrence of a blackout, storm or other impacting condition. – Analysis/planning mode: substation load balancing, voltage profile enhancement, losses reduction. 17 Group RConsulting Distribution Requires to include simulation of several related subsystems and interfaces from the corporation Usuarios Comercial Financiero WEB Proy. PTI Oper. Adminis. ENERGIS 115 Manten. Plan Invent. Contact Center 115 18 Group RConsulting Complete Overview of Interfaces Usuarios Comercial CND Otros Centros SSPD CREG BDI Generac ión S/E WEB Proy. Oper. SCADA/DM S S/E Fina ncier o ENER 115 Manten GIS . PlanInvent. PTI Adminis. Contact Center 115 Energia RED MT Acueduct o 19 Group RConsulting Analysis Modules Flujo de Potencia de Distribución Módulo de Análisis Sistema de Información Historica Balance de Energía Balance de Carga Reconfiguración Optima de Circuitos 20 Group RConsulting Support modules Investigación Gráfica Aplicaciones de Soporte Rastreo Topológico Indices de Calidad de Servicio Puentes, Cortes y Aterramientos 21 Group RConsulting Integración de Sistemas Acceso oportuno a la información crítica para Planificación, Ingeniería y Operación Executive Dashboards Operación EMS DSM SCADA Gestión de recursos de Potencia Planning & Scheduling Trading & Forecasting Contracts Resource Dispatch Integración Información Empresarial Settlements Planificación e Ingeniería Systems Maintenance Asset Mgmt Planning Mgmt Gestión de la Distribución GIS OMS MWM MDMS CIS Servicios al Consumidor Call Center Billing Communications Infrastructure Plant Controls Substation Automation Feeder Automation Advanced Metering Infrastructure Home Network & Devices 22 Group RConsulting RC onsulting Group Telecommunication Systems Servicio y Experiencia Infraestructura común de comunicaciones Acceso a datos externos Field Crew 3rd Parties Customers Web Access Sistemas operaciones AMI Mgmt System Comunicación Troncal AMI Config & Maintenance Meter Data Mgmt Sys Utility Wide Comm. Comunicación de Acceso Portal de acceso Home Network Bi-directional R/T Access Neighborhood Aggregation Local Comm. PG Home /Customer Network 200kW Phosphoric Acid Fue Monitoring SA, DA, AM The powe Santa Clara at 1.8 MW A Monitoring, DA, AM It contains than 4,000 $2000-3000/kW DG DA, AM, DSM/DR System Ops, Power Mgmt & DSM T&D Equipment Distribution Equipment 24 Group RConsulting DA Communication Technologies Wired Wireless Telephone wire Utility-operated radio Optic fiber Unlicensed radio Personal Communications Systems Cellular telephone 802.11 (WiFi) 25 Group RConsulting Telephone Wire Most applicable for substation and customer interface automation Telephone access to feeder sites is difficult to establish Low initial cost and short lead times, but high on-going costs 26 Group RConsulting Telephone Wire (2) Communication methods for DA – leased circuit – dial-out access – dial-in access Data transmission rates at 9.6 kbps common; higher rates possible ISDN and DSL lines offer much higher data rates at correspondingly higher cost Utility needs to protect the telephone circuit from high voltage surges Dial-in access raises security issues 27 Group RConsulting Fiber Optic Cable Becoming commonplace in utilities for voice and data transmission Offer many advantages – extremely high data transmission rates – immunity from electromagnetic interference – lack of licensing requirements – can be brought into the substation without concern for protection against ground rise voltages Cost effective for very high data transmission rates in a point-to-point configuration Not as cost effective for DA applications, with – point-to-multipoint configuration – Modest data transmission speed requirements 28 Group RConsulting Licensed Radio VHF radio – Radio spectrum between 30 and 300 MHz, typically used for voice communication – Most common DA application has been load management (at 154 MHz and 173 MHz) – Must cope with dead spots in rugged terrain and in cities with tall buildings – Data transmission rates limited to 1,200 bps 29 Group RConsulting Licensed Radio (2) UHF radio – UHF has near straight-line propagation leading to dead spots in rugged terrain and urban areas – Use of radio frequencies between 300 MHz and 3 GHz popular for DA applications – Utilities have used frequency bands between 450 and 470 MHz and from 800 to 960 MHz for DA applications – (most common application has been for communications between dispatchers and crews) – The 450 and 470 MHz band systems are mostly older installations with data rates up to 2,400 bps 30 Group RConsulting Licensed Radio (3) UHF radio (continued) MAS = multiple address system – Old allocation: 12 paired bands at 928/952 MHz restricted to point-to-multipoint fixed bands available are 12.5 and 25 kHz wide data rates up to 9,600 bps a minimum of four remote sites for each master commonly used for feeder and customer interface automation – Unpaired bands at 952 MHz for point-to-point – New allocation of 20 bands at 932/941 MHz Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint, fixed and mobile Auctioned onsulting 31 RC Group Licensed Radio (4) Microwave radio – Mostly at 2 GHz and 6 GHz (line of sight) – Used for point-to-point communications carrying both voice and data – Used for SCADA and protective relaying – Use for DA is mainly limited to point-to-point transmission configuration when carrying DA data as part of larger payload 32 Group RConsulting Unlicensed Radio 902-928 MHz or 2.4 GHz band Low power, spread-spectrum transmission Regulated under FCC Part 15 Confined to short distances Useful for the “last-mile” segment when a site cannot be reached by MAS ( MAS Sp.Spectrum 33 Group RConsulting Unlicensed Radio (2) Also used for “last 100 yards” from customer site to local concentrator equipment for AMR Advantage: no license required Disadvantage: no license required 34 Group RConsulting Trunking Radio A multi-frequency, computer-controlled radio system used for field communications. Mostly in the 800 MHz band One of the frequencies (the “control channel”) is used to broadcast digital data that is used to control the portable radios in the field. As another niche technology, the control channel can be used for DA communications 35 Group RConsulting Satellite Radio Two approaches: – Synchronous satellite – Low earth orbiting (LEO) satellite 22,300 mi 36,000 km <1000 mi <1500 km LEO Synchronous 36 Group RConsulting Satellite Radio Various frequency bands: – 130/150 MHz; C-band (4/6 GHz), & Ku-band (12/14 GHz) Advantages – Near-universal coverage – Good reliability Disadvantages – – – – Cost Transmission delays Blackout periods due to sun Attenuation in heavy rain (Ku band) 37 Group RConsulting Cellular Telephone Network Several competing technologies – Use of control channel on analog AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service), 800 MHz – CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) – GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) The field is rapidly evolving Currently, most applications are for AMR Recently also being offered for applications in feeder automation Potentially holds the promise of economical and wide-spread coverage 38 Group RConsulting Cellular Telephone Network (2) GPRS – Good Data Rates - up to 171.2 kbps – Uses all eight time slots – “Immediacy” near real time connectivity – Supports FTP, TCP/IP and Telnet and all WWW interfaces – Supports Global System Mobile (GSM) and IS 136 TDMA 39 Group RConsulting 802.11 (WiFi) Wireless Ethernet 802.11b – – – – Operates in 2.4 GHz band 11 Mbps capacity Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Modulation 300 FT – 1 Mile range 802.11a – Operates in 5 GHz band – 54 Mbps capacity – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) – 60FT – 300FT range 802.11n… 40 Group RConsulting Summary of Technologies Technology Utilityoperated? Application To s/s Within s/s To feeder To customer Telephone wire N X X Optic fiber Y X Utility-operated licensed radio Y X X X Unlicensed radio Y X X X PCS N X X Trunking radio Y X X Satellite N Cellular telephone N X X 802.11 Y X X X X 41 Group RConsulting Hybrid Communication Systems Hybrid systems comprising two or more communication media are commonly used for DA applications High transmission rate communications such as fiber optic or microwave radio are used for point-to-point data transmission Slower communication technologies such as UHF radio or distribution line carrier used from remote locations to remote units 42 Group RConsulting Hybrid Communication Systems (2) Control center Microwave radio MAS radio Optic Fiber Spread spectrum radio Subst. Subst. 43 Group RConsulting RC onsulting Group Seguridad Cibernética Servicio y Experiencia Trends Growing use of the Internet – Use of the Internet as the mechanism for transporting data – Use of browsers to access the data – Supported by a wider availability of IP-addressable devices Disadvantages – Need for Internet connection – Concerns about security Growing insistence on adherence to communication standards Growing use of fiber optic cable for communications to and within substations in urban areas Possible application of cellular data radio technologies onsulting 45 RC Group Control Systems Can Be Vulnerable • • Examples: – Data often sent in clear text – Protocols are open, no security – Vulnerability assessments have demonstrated unauthorized access to SCADA, DCS, and other systems – Several cases of confirmed SCADA and PLC hacking – Laboratory testing has shown that SCADA data can be intercepted and changed without notice – Control networks are being integrated with corporate networks It is no longer a question of can control systems be hacked... but what happens when they are 46 Group RConsulting Vulnerable Software and Protocols • Control system operating systems – NT, 2000, Linux, Unix, Solaris • Fieldbus, MODBUS, and other buses • Vendor and third party customized • software and hardware – eg, RTUs now IP-enabled Protocols and other vehicles – ICCP-TASE.2 – Common Information Model (CIM) – DNP – CORBA 47 Group RConsulting Control System Cyber Attacks More than 60 confirmed cases Recent examples with damage – Electric Utility 100 – 150 hits/day on control network 17 Intrusions 2 Denial of Service (DOS) Events 3 Loss of Control Events – Switchgear controller – Boiler Deaerator controls – Wastewater Utility Wireless hack by disgruntled exSCADA supplier employee Release of millions of liters of sewage 48 Group RConsulting Existing Issues Awareness still limited IT and operations still not cooperating, or in many cases, even talking Vendor products designed for productivity not security Testing capabilities introduce potential cyber vulnerabilities, eg, – Disabling alarms – Protocol translation and commands 49 Group RConsulting Control Systems vs IT Issues Typically, lack of trust between IT and Operations Patch management issues Versions and updates Penetration testing considerations Security policies are not the same Administration issues are not the same 50 Group RConsulting Industry Efforts Standards organizations – IEEE, ISA, IEC, CIGRE Industry Organizations – NERC, CIDX Government organizations – US – DHS, DOE, NIST – UK – NISCC – Canada - OCIPEP 51 Group RConsulting NERC Urgent Action Standard 1200 – Control Center Only – Substantial compliance by March 2004 – 16 tasks Some require additional work for SCADA Final Standard 1300 – Includes power plant control systems and substation equipment, 2005 Critical Mission Infrastructure Protection (CIP), 2006 52 Group RConsulting August 14th 2003 Blackout Report 13 Cyber Recommendations including – Implement NERC IT Standards – – – – (1200/1300) Require vendor participation Improve IT forensic and diagnostic capabilities Assess IT risk and vulnerability at scheduled intervals Develop capability to detect wireless and remote wireline intrusion and surveillance 53 Group RConsulting National SCADA Test Bed Developing new tools Determine vulnerabilities Large scale assessments Testing and validating Industry products Safe and secure test bed Full scale testing Computer controls Communications Field Systems Substations and RTU’s 54 Group RConsulting RC onsulting Group ? Muchas Gracias [email protected] Servicio y Experiencia