Download Smart Grids -> Integración (2)

RC
onsulting
Group
Smart Grids -> Integración (2)
Seminario Redes Inteligentes UN
Sesión 11, Mayo 6, 2011
[email protected]
Servicio y Experiencia
RC
onsulting
Group
Integración de Modelos
Servicio y Experiencia
Common Information Model: CIM
3
Group
RConsulting
UML en el mercado eléctrico
 Las compañías eléctricas deben intercambiar
modelos tanto interna como externamente
 Adicionalmente, es necesario modelar las relaciones
entre los modelos eléctrico y de sistemas de software
de soporte
 Los modelos CIM 61970-301 and 61968-11 soportan
respectivamente el intercambio de datos de sistemas
eléctricos y de sistemas de software
Group
RConsulting
El modelo CIM
 El Common Information Model de la International
Electrotechnical Commission es estándar mundial
para la representación de sistemas eléctricos
 Describe los elementos necesarios para describir los
componentes necesarios para las interfaces con
sistemas de gestión de energía
 Es un modelo independiente de cualquier lenguaje,
tecnología y formato de datos
 Si bien puede parecer complejo, simplifica
enormemente la interoperabilidad entre aplicaciones
de software
Group
RConsulting
El modelo CIM
 El CIM está orientado a sistemas:
• de gestión y transmisión de energía (EMS y DMS)
• de planeación de la distribución/transmisión
• de gestión de bienes de trabajo
• de información del cliente
• de información geográfica
• de gestión de fallas
• de gestión de personal y cuadrillas
 “La electricidad fluye de la misma forma en cualquier
parte del mundo, por lo tanto, podemos construir un
modelo que todos podamos utilizar y del que todos
podamos beneficiarnos” (Mackiewicz y Synder, 2008)
Group
RConsulting
El modelo CIM: estado del arte
 Actualmente se está trabajando sobre el CIM para
modelos dinámicos
 El Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) comenzó a
trabajar en marzo de 2008 sobre este proyecto
 Las necesidades de estos modelos son:
• análisis de contingencia
• evaluación de contingencias que conducen a un
evento catastrófico
• determinar los puntos donde la red necesita ser
actualizada
• realizar simulaciones sobre modelos más complejos
Group
RConsulting
Diagrama de paquetes del CIM
(from Generat ion)
(from Generat ion)
Group
RConsulting
Estructura de clases del CIM
Group
RConsulting
Asociaciones en el CIM
Group
RConsulting
Circuito con objetos CIM
Group
RConsulting
Transformador con objetos CIM
Group
RConsulting
Transmission Model
 Connected: all model elements are normally





connected.
Meshed network normally with several loops
Know topology and operating conditions
One common model for most applications: State
Estimation, Power Flow, etc.
Well planned additions/modifications known far in
advance: almost static
Model includes only “permanent” elements.
Graphical representation does not change
frequently.
13
Group
RConsulting
Distribution Model
 Two types: “European” 3 phase distribution transformers, closely
balanced, large portions under ground; “American”: mix of 1 and 3
phase transformers, unbalanced, mostly overhead
 Geographical representation required: GIS systems feeding other
systems requiring this type of data
 Sizing
 Substations in the 10s or at most in the 100s
 Multiple interfaces to transmission: 10 – 20 feeders per
substation.
 Several “nodes/segments” per feeder: 100
 A number of distribution transformers: typically 100s per
feeder
 Multiple interfaces to other feeders (tie-switches)
 Model elements:200x10x500= 1000000 typically
Note: could be more for 3 phase models.
onsulting
14
RC Group
Distribution Model
 “Loosely coupled” model: feeders are at a certain time





only connected to the network at one point
Radially operated
Feeder topology not know precisely (i.e. fuses)
Few available measurements
Model includes “temporary” elements that affect the
database:
– Jumper
– cuts and
– Grounds
Very dynamic: every day new elements are modified,
added or deleted. Need to update frequently the
graphic representation
onsulting
15
RC Group
Connectivity
 Transmission
– Provided by SCADA: network coloring
– Provided by Network applications: for detecting
islanding and other conditions based on SCADA
data.
 Distribution
– Provided by GIS and maintained by the
applications
– Tracing and other applications based on topology
are key for Simulation
16
Group
RConsulting
Operation
 Transmission: results are not obvious, drills oriented to critical
situations
– Preventive Mode: mostly oriented to power network
contingency solution
– Solution Mode: oriented to restoration practice (recovery from
blackout or islanding condition)
– Analysis/planning mode: solving hypothetical what if type of
questions and future conditions
 Distribution: in most of the cases results are predictable
– Solution mode: oriented to support a “crisis” upon occurrence of
a blackout, storm or other impacting condition.
– Analysis/planning mode: substation load balancing, voltage
profile enhancement, losses reduction.
17
Group
RConsulting
Distribution
 Requires to include simulation of several related
subsystems and interfaces from the corporation
Usuarios
Comercial
Financiero
WEB
Proy.
PTI
Oper.
Adminis.
ENERGIS
115
Manten.
Plan
Invent.
Contact
Center
115
18
Group
RConsulting
Complete Overview of Interfaces
Usuarios
Comercial
CND
Otros
Centros
SSPD
CREG
BDI
Generac
ión
S/E
WEB
Proy.
Oper.
SCADA/DM
S
S/E
Fina
ncier
o
ENER 115
Manten GIS
. PlanInvent.
PTI
Adminis.
Contact
Center
115
Energia RED MT Acueduct
o
19
Group
RConsulting
Analysis Modules
Flujo de
Potencia de
Distribución
Módulo
de
Análisis
Sistema de
Información
Historica
Balance de
Energía
Balance de
Carga
Reconfiguración
Optima de
Circuitos
20
Group
RConsulting
Support modules
Investigación
Gráfica
Aplicaciones
de Soporte
Rastreo
Topológico
Indices de
Calidad de
Servicio
Puentes, Cortes
y Aterramientos
21
Group
RConsulting
Integración de Sistemas
Acceso oportuno a la información crítica para Planificación, Ingeniería y
Operación
Executive Dashboards
Operación
EMS
DSM
SCADA
Gestión de recursos de Potencia
Planning & Scheduling Trading &
Forecasting
Contracts
Resource
Dispatch
Integración
Información
Empresarial
Settlements
Planificación e Ingeniería
Systems Maintenance Asset Mgmt
Planning
Mgmt
Gestión de la Distribución
GIS
OMS
MWM
MDMS
CIS
Servicios al Consumidor
Call Center Billing
Communications Infrastructure
Plant
Controls
Substation
Automation
Feeder
Automation
Advanced Metering
Infrastructure
Home Network
& Devices
22
Group
RConsulting
RC
onsulting
Group
Telecommunication Systems
Servicio y Experiencia
Infraestructura común de comunicaciones
Acceso a datos
externos
Field Crew
3rd
Parties
Customers
Web
Access
Sistemas
operaciones
AMI Mgmt
System
Comunicación
Troncal
AMI Config &
Maintenance
Meter Data
Mgmt Sys
Utility
Wide
Comm.
Comunicación de
Acceso
Portal de
acceso
Home
Network
Bi-directional
R/T Access
Neighborhood
Aggregation
Local
Comm.
PG
Home
/Customer
Network
200kW Phosphoric Acid Fue
Monitoring
SA, DA, AM
The powe
Santa Clara
at 1.8 MW A
Monitoring,
DA, AM
It contains
than 4,000
$2000-3000/kW
DG
DA, AM,
DSM/DR
System Ops,
Power Mgmt & DSM
T&D Equipment
Distribution Equipment
24
Group
RConsulting
DA Communication Technologies
Wired
Wireless
Telephone wire
Utility-operated radio
Optic fiber
Unlicensed radio
Personal Communications
Systems
Cellular telephone
802.11 (WiFi)
25
Group
RConsulting
Telephone Wire
 Most applicable for substation and customer
interface automation
 Telephone access to feeder sites is difficult to
establish
 Low initial cost
and short lead
times, but high
on-going costs
26
Group
RConsulting
Telephone Wire (2)
 Communication methods for DA
– leased circuit
– dial-out access
– dial-in access
 Data transmission rates at 9.6 kbps common;
higher rates possible
 ISDN and DSL lines offer much higher data rates at
correspondingly higher cost
 Utility needs to protect the telephone circuit from
high voltage surges
 Dial-in access raises security issues
27
Group
RConsulting
Fiber Optic Cable
 Becoming commonplace in utilities for voice and
data transmission
 Offer many advantages
– extremely high data transmission rates
– immunity from electromagnetic interference
– lack of licensing requirements
– can be brought into the substation without concern for
protection against ground rise voltages
 Cost effective for very high data transmission rates
in a point-to-point configuration
 Not as cost effective for DA applications, with
– point-to-multipoint configuration
– Modest data transmission speed requirements
28
Group
RConsulting
Licensed Radio
VHF radio
– Radio spectrum between 30 and 300 MHz,
typically used for voice communication
– Most common DA application has been load
management (at 154 MHz and 173 MHz)
– Must cope with dead spots in rugged terrain and
in cities with tall buildings
– Data transmission rates limited to 1,200 bps
29
Group
RConsulting
Licensed Radio (2)
UHF radio
– UHF has near straight-line propagation leading
to dead spots in rugged terrain and urban areas
– Use of radio frequencies between 300 MHz and
3 GHz popular for DA applications
– Utilities have used frequency bands between
450 and 470 MHz and from 800 to 960 MHz for
DA applications
– (most common application has been for communications between dispatchers and crews)
– The 450 and 470 MHz band systems are mostly
older installations with data rates up to 2,400 bps
30
Group
RConsulting
Licensed Radio (3)
UHF radio (continued)
MAS = multiple address system
– Old allocation: 12 paired bands at 928/952 MHz





restricted to point-to-multipoint fixed
bands available are 12.5 and 25 kHz wide
data rates up to 9,600 bps
a minimum of four remote sites for each master
commonly used for feeder and customer interface
automation
– Unpaired bands at 952 MHz for point-to-point
– New allocation of 20 bands at 932/941 MHz
 Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint, fixed and mobile
 Auctioned
onsulting
31
RC Group
Licensed Radio (4)
Microwave radio
– Mostly at 2 GHz and 6 GHz (line of sight)
– Used for point-to-point communications
carrying both voice and data
– Used for SCADA and protective relaying
– Use for DA is mainly limited to point-to-point
transmission configuration when carrying DA
data as part of larger payload
32
Group
RConsulting
Unlicensed Radio





902-928 MHz or 2.4 GHz band
Low power, spread-spectrum transmission
Regulated under FCC Part 15
Confined to short distances
Useful for the “last-mile” segment when a site
cannot be reached by MAS
(
MAS
Sp.Spectrum
33
Group
RConsulting
Unlicensed Radio (2)
 Also used for “last 100 yards” from customer site to
local concentrator equipment for AMR
 Advantage: no license required
 Disadvantage: no license required
34
Group
RConsulting
Trunking Radio
 A multi-frequency, computer-controlled radio
system used for field communications.
 Mostly in the 800 MHz band
 One of the frequencies (the “control channel”) is
used to broadcast digital data that is used to
control the portable radios in the field.
 As another niche technology, the control channel
can be used for DA communications
35
Group
RConsulting
Satellite Radio
 Two approaches:
– Synchronous satellite
– Low earth orbiting (LEO) satellite
22,300 mi
36,000 km
<1000 mi
<1500 km
LEO
Synchronous
36
Group
RConsulting
Satellite Radio
 Various frequency bands:
– 130/150 MHz; C-band (4/6 GHz), & Ku-band (12/14 GHz)
 Advantages
– Near-universal coverage
– Good reliability
 Disadvantages
–
–
–
–
Cost
Transmission delays
Blackout periods due to sun
Attenuation in heavy rain (Ku band)
37
Group
RConsulting
Cellular Telephone Network
 Several competing technologies
– Use of control channel on analog AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone Service), 800 MHz
– CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data)
– GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
 The field is rapidly evolving
 Currently, most applications are for AMR
 Recently also being offered for applications in
feeder automation
 Potentially holds the promise of economical and
wide-spread coverage
38
Group
RConsulting
Cellular Telephone Network (2)
 GPRS
– Good Data Rates - up to 171.2 kbps
– Uses all eight time slots
– “Immediacy” near real time connectivity
– Supports FTP, TCP/IP and Telnet and all
WWW interfaces
– Supports Global System Mobile (GSM) and
IS 136 TDMA
39
Group
RConsulting
802.11 (WiFi) Wireless Ethernet
 802.11b
–
–
–
–
Operates in 2.4 GHz band
11 Mbps capacity
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Modulation
300 FT – 1 Mile range
 802.11a
– Operates in 5 GHz band
– 54 Mbps capacity
– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
– 60FT – 300FT range
 802.11n…
40
Group
RConsulting
Summary of Technologies
Technology
Utilityoperated?
Application
To
s/s
Within
s/s
To
feeder
To customer
Telephone wire
N
X
X
Optic fiber
Y
X
Utility-operated licensed radio
Y
X
X
X
Unlicensed radio
Y
X
X
X
PCS
N
X
X
Trunking radio
Y
X
X
Satellite
N
Cellular telephone
N
X
X
802.11
Y
X
X
X
X
41
Group
RConsulting
Hybrid Communication Systems
 Hybrid systems comprising two or more
communication media are commonly used for
DA applications
 High transmission rate communications such as
fiber optic or microwave radio are used for
point-to-point data transmission
 Slower communication technologies such as
UHF radio or distribution line carrier used from
remote locations to remote units
42
Group
RConsulting
Hybrid Communication Systems (2)
Control
center
Microwave radio
MAS radio
Optic
Fiber
Spread
spectrum
radio
Subst.
Subst.
43
Group
RConsulting
RC
onsulting
Group
Seguridad Cibernética
Servicio y Experiencia
Trends
 Growing use of the Internet
– Use of the Internet as the mechanism for transporting data
– Use of browsers to access the data
– Supported by a wider availability of IP-addressable devices
 Disadvantages
– Need for Internet connection
– Concerns about security
 Growing insistence on adherence to communication
standards
 Growing use of fiber optic cable for communications
to and within substations in urban areas
 Possible application of cellular data radio
technologies
onsulting
45
RC Group
Control Systems Can Be Vulnerable
•
•
Examples:
– Data often sent in clear text
– Protocols are open, no security
– Vulnerability assessments have demonstrated
unauthorized access to SCADA, DCS, and other systems
– Several cases of confirmed SCADA and PLC hacking
– Laboratory testing has shown that SCADA data can be
intercepted and changed without notice
– Control networks are being integrated with corporate
networks
It is no longer a question of can control systems be
hacked... but what happens when they are
46
Group
RConsulting
Vulnerable Software and
Protocols
• Control system operating systems
– NT, 2000, Linux, Unix, Solaris
• Fieldbus, MODBUS, and other buses
• Vendor and third party customized
•
software and hardware
– eg, RTUs now IP-enabled
Protocols and other vehicles
– ICCP-TASE.2
– Common Information Model (CIM)
– DNP
– CORBA
47
Group
RConsulting
Control System Cyber Attacks
 More than 60 confirmed cases
 Recent examples with damage
– Electric Utility
 100 – 150 hits/day on control network
 17 Intrusions
 2 Denial of Service (DOS) Events
 3 Loss of Control Events
– Switchgear controller
– Boiler Deaerator controls
– Wastewater Utility
 Wireless hack by disgruntled exSCADA supplier employee
 Release of millions of liters of sewage
48
Group
RConsulting
Existing Issues
 Awareness still limited
 IT and operations still not cooperating, or in
many cases, even talking
 Vendor products designed for productivity not
security
 Testing capabilities introduce potential cyber
vulnerabilities, eg,
– Disabling alarms
– Protocol translation and commands
49
Group
RConsulting
Control Systems vs IT Issues






Typically, lack of trust between IT and Operations
Patch management issues
Versions and updates
Penetration testing considerations
Security policies are not the same
Administration issues are not the same
50
Group
RConsulting
Industry Efforts
 Standards organizations
– IEEE, ISA, IEC, CIGRE
 Industry Organizations
– NERC, CIDX
 Government organizations
– US – DHS, DOE, NIST
– UK – NISCC
– Canada - OCIPEP
51
Group
RConsulting
NERC
 Urgent Action Standard 1200
– Control Center Only
– Substantial compliance by March
2004
– 16 tasks
 Some require additional work
for SCADA
 Final Standard 1300
– Includes power plant control
systems and substation
equipment, 2005
 Critical Mission Infrastructure
Protection (CIP), 2006
52
Group
RConsulting
August 14th 2003 Blackout
Report
 13 Cyber Recommendations
including
– Implement NERC IT Standards
–
–
–
–
(1200/1300)
Require vendor participation
Improve IT forensic and diagnostic
capabilities
Assess IT risk and vulnerability at
scheduled intervals
Develop capability to detect wireless and
remote wireline intrusion and
surveillance
53
Group
RConsulting
National SCADA Test Bed
 Developing new tools
 Determine vulnerabilities
 Large scale assessments
 Testing and validating
 Industry products
 Safe and secure test bed
 Full scale testing
 Computer controls
 Communications
 Field Systems
 Substations and RTU’s
54
Group
RConsulting
RC
onsulting
Group
?
Muchas Gracias
[email protected]
Servicio y Experiencia