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Analogue Electronics C.I.T Q1: What is analog electronics? Ans: Analogue Electronics: Analogue electronics are electronic systems with systems with a continuously variable signal in contrast to digital electronics where signals usually take only two different levels. The term “analogue” describes the proportional relationship between a signal and a voltage or current that represents the signal. The word analogue is derived from the Greek word (analogos) meaning “proportional”. Q2: What are discrete component? Ans: Discrete Component: A discrete device (or discrete component) is an electronic component with just one circuit element either passive (resistor, capacitor, inductor) or active (transistor or vacuum tube), other than an integrated circuit. Several discrete devices are combined to from a discrete circuit. Such discrete circuits are different from integrated circuits and hybrid circuits, which are built from several circuit elements in one package. Analogue electronics have passive discrete components which are: resistors, capacitor, inductor, etc. 1|Page Analogue Electronics C.I.T Q3: What is resistor? Ans: Resistor: A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with ohm’s law: V=IR Q4: What is capacitor? Ans: Capacitor: A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). Q5: What is inductor? Ans: Inductor: An inductor or a reactor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. 2|Page Analogue Electronics C.I.T Q6: What is common emitter amplifier? Ans: Common Emitter Amplifier: A BJT circuit in which the emitter connection is common to both input and output. Q7: What is a fixed bias in transistor? Ans: Fixed Bias in Transistor: It’s the alternative to self biased. Typically a resistor voltage divider sets the base to ground voltage on (for instance) a BJT. Self biased does not have this divider and thus transistor or FET is biased not on any hard criterion such as a resistive divider but on its own characteristics. Q8: What is the usage of fixed bias? Ans: Usage of Fixed Bias: Usage: the feedback also increases the input impedance of the amplifier when seen from the base, which can be advantageous. Due to the above disadvantages, this type of biasing circuit is used only with careful consideration of the trade-offs involved. 3|Page Analogue Electronics C.I.T Q9: What is the difference between fixed bias circuit and self bias circuit? Ans: Fixed Bias Circuit: Fixed bias circuits get their bias voltages from independently designed reference voltage sources (or even something as simple as a voltage divider). Often is the case that the bias may be left for the end-user to give some control over the operation point of the circuit. Self Bias Circuit: Self biased circuits get their bias voltages from the circuit itself, often in the form of a negative feedback. This is very useful when a circuit is extremely sensitive to bias points and it becomes impractical to provide external biases that are correct to very high accuracies. This can happen in high gain amplifiers with very high impedance output nodes, such as a common source amplifier with an active load. The operation of the circuit depends on the bias of the active load. It would therefore be desirable to sacrifice some of this gain providing a negative feedback from the output to the gate of the active load. This way, you won’t have to bias the circuit yourself, but will lose some of the gain of the circuit as a price. 4|Page Analogue Electronics C.I.T Q10: What is cathode bias? Ans: Cathode Bias: Cathode bias amps, which we do not manufacture use a capacitor to make the grid more negative and do not usually require any adjustment. The downside is they usually have more distortion which make them sound a little more colored. TT amps feature fixed bias which requires tube adjustment but results in more accurate bias points and less distortion. Q11: What is a VDB (Voltage Divider Bias)? Ans: Voltage Divider Bias (VDB): Biasing method used with amplifiers in which two series resistors connected across a source. The junction of the two biasing resistors provides correct bias voltage for the amplifier. Q12: What is the working of Voltage Divider Bias? Ans: Working of Voltage Divider Bias: Two words divider and bias. A divider is usually used to get a bias voltage. 5|Page Analogue Electronics C.I.T Q13: Why Voltage Divider Bias is also called Self Bias? Ans: Voltage Divider Bias is called Self Bias: A grid bias provided automatically by the resistor in the cathode or grid circuit of an electron tube; the resulting voltage drop across the resistor servers as the grid bias. Also known as automatic C bias; automatic grid bias. This arrangement is called SELF-BIAS. Now, if an increase of temperature causes an increase in collector current, the collector voltage (VC) will fall because of the increase of voltage produced across the load resistor (RL). One of the most widely used combination-bias systems is the voltage-divider type. Q14: Why Common Emitter Configuration of amplifier is commonly used? Ans: Use of Common Emitter Configuration of Amplifier: Because amplification factor beta is usually ranges from 20-500 hence this configuration gives appreciable current gain as well as voltage gain at its output. On the other hand in the Common Collector Configuration has very high input resistance (~750K Ω) & very low output resistance (~25Ω) so the voltage gain is always less than one and its most important application is for impedance matching for driving from low impedance load to high impedance source. 6|Page Analogue Electronics C.I.T Q15: What is Common Collector Amplifier? Ans: Common Collector Amplifier: A BJT circuit in which the collector connection is common to both input and output. Q16: What is a Common Collector Configuration is called Emitter Follower? Ans: Common Collector Configuration is called Emitter Follower: Because of the geometry of the Common Collector Configuration, changes in base voltage appear at the emitter. Said another way, what happens at the base pretty much happens at the emitter, and the emitter can be said to “mirror” or “follow” the base .the emitter is a follower of the base, and the name Emitter Follower appeared and was used. Q17: What are the applications of the common collector amplifier? Ans: Applications of Common Collector Amplifier: The low output impedance allows a source with a large output impedance to drive small load impedance; it functions as a voltage buffer. In other words, the circuit has current gain (which depends largely on the HFE of the transistor) instead of voltage gain. A small change to input current results in much larger change in the output current supplied to the output load. Other applications are: high input impedance, low output impedance, non-inverting, approximately unity gain. Output buffers/line drivers and similar. 7|Page Analogue Electronics C.I.T Q18: The output voltage of an Emitter Follower is? Ans: Output Voltage of an Emitter Follower: The output voltage of an Emitter Follower is the same as the base minus VBE drop and it is used for more power transfer. Q19: Where the Common Collector Configuration is commonly used? Ans: Use of Common Collector Configuration: This configuration is commonly used in the output stages of class-B and class-AB amplifier – the base circuit is modified to operate the transistor in class-B or AB mode. In class-A mode, sometimes an active current source is used instead of RE to improve linearity and/or efficiency. Q20: What is frequency response? Ans: Frequency Response: Frequency response is a measure of a system’s output spectrum in response to an input signal. In audio it is used in connection with amplifiers, loudspeakers and microphones. 8|Page Analogue Electronics C.I.T Q21: What is the low frequency response of Common Emitter Amplifier? Ans: Low Frequency of Common Emitter Amplifier: A simple CE amplifier it has a decoupling capacitor in the input stage to remove DC components so the LF response will be quite poor. Other RC component needs to be added to the circuit to flatten the frequency response. Q22: How can we calculate the frequency response of C1, C2, and C3 in the above configuration? Ans: Calculate the Frequency response of C1, C2, and C3: We can calculate the frequency response with the help of following formulas in the above configuration: 1. f1= 1 Frequency response due to C1 2𝜋𝐶1(𝑅𝑖𝑛+𝑅𝐺) 1 2. f2= 𝑅1||𝑅2||𝑅0 2𝜋𝐶2( +𝑅𝑒1+𝑟′𝑒)||𝑅𝑒2 𝛽𝑎𝑐 3. f1= 1 2𝜋𝐶3(𝑅0+𝑅1) Frequency response due to C2 Frequency response due to C3 9|Page Analogue Electronics C.I.T Q23: What is oscilloscope? Ans: Oscilloscope: An electronic measuring instrument that creates a visible two-dimensional graph, on a screen, of one or more continuously varying voltages or currents. 10 | P a g e