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Transcript
Pharmacy Aide On the job training NO certification or licensing Job outlook- Growing- WHY? Due to larger and aging population; increase use of meds Customer service and communication skills Computer experience Organized; ability to follow directions No prior record of drug abuse/substance abuse Team player Basic mathematical skills Establish and Maintain pt profiles Prepare insurance claims Stock and take inventory of prescriptions and OTC meds Clean equipment; maintenance of equipment/supplies Manage cash register Pharmacy Technician Technical or college training of 6 months to 2 years Pharmacy Technician Certification Job outlook- faster than average due to expansion of retail pharmacies as a result of aging and growing population Same as Aide Know basics of reading, filling, and dispensing Rx Receive Rx requests for refills Verify accuracy of Rx information Retrieve, count, pour, weigh, measure, and mix Rx Prepare Rx label; Select container for Rx Clerical duties Refer questions to pharmacist Complete claim forms Prepare IV meds Establish/maintain pt profiles Take inventory; Order supplies; Maintain pharmacy equipment Pharmacist Minimum of 6 years at accredited school of pharmacy to earn a master’s degree or doctorate Must serve an internship under a licensed pharmacist Pass examination regulated by individual state Job outlook- Increased need due to aging and growing population and increased use of meds Provide correct medication in the correct amount Advise MD’s and other health care practitioner’s on dosages, interactions, and side effects of meds Counsel pt and answer questions about prescribed Rx Provide info about OTC meds Insurance forms Hire and supervise personnel Prepare sterile solutions Purchase medical supplies Educate pt about smoking cessation; Conditions such as DM, HTN, asthma Evaluate drug use patterns Delegate responsibilities and Supervise completion Federal agencies- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) have established laws that are to be followed and will investigate if laws are violated. Examples Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 requires the maintenance of physical security and strict records The Controlled Substance Act regulates manufacture and sale of narcotics and controlled drugs Orphan Drug Act of 1978 speeds up drug availability for pts with rare diseases Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 permits generic companies to produce generic equivalents without costly trials Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 requires pharmacists to perform drug reviews and offer counseling on all meds to pts Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) of 1996 protects pts health information Drug name- Includes trade/brand name and generic name (Ex Tylenol is brand name and acetaminophen is generic name) Form of drug – Ex- PCN may be dispensed as tablets, capsules, or liquid Total number or volume in container Route of administration Warnings- “May ne habit forming”, “Not safe for pregnant women”, “Do not operate heavy machinery when taking this medication”, “Avoid sunlight when taking this medication”, “Take with food” Storing information- may need to be refrigerated or away from light Manufacturing info- includes name of manufacturer and expiration date Placed on schedules based on their potential for abuse Scheduled I- no medical use in US; high abuse potential (Ex- heroin, LSD) Scheduled II- high abuse potential, with severe psychic or physical dependence (Ex- Codeine, Dilaudid, Demerol, Ritalin, oxycodone) Scheduled III- less abuse potential than I and II (ExFioricet, Tylenol with Codeine) Scheduled IV- less abuse potential than III (Ex- Xanax, Valium, Ativan, Versed) Scheduled V- less abuse than IV- consists primarily of limited quantities of certain narcotic and antitussive meds Pharmacognosy- study of drugs that are naturally derived from plants or animals Ex- Poppy= Codeine and Morphine (treats pain) Foxglove= Digitalis (treats CHF) Yew= Taxol (treats cancer) Thyroid gland= thyroid hormone (hormone replacement) Stomach= Pepsin (digestive enzyme) Microscopic organisms PCN is produced by a mold Antibiotics are made from microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or molds Synthetics and Bioengineering Aspirin was originally extracted from the bark of a willow tree (first patented in 1899); now it is synthetically made Term used to describe how drugs produce their effects by interacting with other chemicals in the body is called mechanism of action (MOA). Pharmacotherapeutics= the study of the effects of drugs Drugs that have the same MOA belong to the same therapeutic class (Ex- Benadryl and Claritin belong to the class of antihistamines which work by binding to a chemical known as a histamine receptor) Binding to and stimulating a receptor in the body Binding to and blocking a receptor in the body Inhibiting an enzyme Decreasing the movement of a chemical across a cell membrane Local side effects= occur before drug is absorbed in bloodstream (Ex- ASA can be very irritating to the stomach; Inhalers can cause dry throat; Antibiotics can cause diarrhea; A patch may irritate the skin) Systemic side effects= take place after drug is absorbed in the bloodstream; most commonly happens because drug is affecting cells other than the target cells (Ex- bronchodilators stimulate epinephrine receptors in the respiratory passages but also stimulate epinephrine receptors in the heart R/I increases heart rate Analgesic (painkiller)- any member of the group of drugs to relieve pain (Ex- acetaminophen, ASA, NSAIDS, Morphine) Anesthetic- drug that causes anesthesia, which is a reversible loss of sensation; can be local which causes reversible loss if sensation for a limited region of the body or general which provides amnesia, analgesia, muscle paralysis, and sedation Antacid/Acid reducer- neutralize stomach acids Antibiotic- used to treat/prevent bacterial infections Anticholinergic- blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system; help block involuntary movements of the muscles (Ex-for incontinence, GI cramps)(Bentyl, Vesicare) Anticoagulant- prevent coagulation of blood Anticonvulsive- used to treat epileptic seizures Antidepressant Antidiarrheal Antiemetic- used for N/V Antihistamine Antihypertensive Anti-inflammatory agent Antineoplastic agent- inhibit or prevent the growth/spread of malignant tumors Antipyretic- reduce fever Antitussive- suppress cough Bronchodilator Central nervous system depressantsedatives/tranquilizers; slow brain activity (Valium, Xanax) Central nervous system stimulant- increase physical activity, mental alertness, attention span (Adderall, Vyvanse, Ritalin) Coagulant- causes blood to coagulate Decongestant Desensitization agent- teeth Diuretic Emetic- causes vomiting (syrup of ipecac) Hormones Hypnotic- induce sleep Laxative Sedative Sulfonamide (sulpha/sulfa drugs)- synthetic antimicrobials Vaccines/Immunizations Vasodilator- widen blood vessels/relaxes smooth muscle cells within vessel wall Vitamins Minerals Buccal- tablet placed in cheek- used when effects of digestion needs to be avoided Inhalation Intramuscular (IM) Intravenous (IV) Rectal Subcutaneous Sublingual Topical Transdermal patch Vaginal