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Chapter 14
Qualitative Designs and
Approaches
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Design
• Flexible, elastic
• Almost always nonexperimental
• Intent to thoroughly describe or explain
• Real-world, naturalistic settings
• Cross-sectional or longitudinal
• Emergent: ongoing analysis guiding design decisions
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Contrasting Qualitative and Quantitative
Design
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Ethnography
• Describes and interprets a culture and cultural behavior
• Culture is the way a group of people live—the patterns
of activity and the symbolic structures (for example, the
values and norms) that give such activity significance.
• Relies on extensive, labor-intensive fieldwork
• Culture is inferred from the group’s words, actions, and
products.
• Assumption: Cultures guide the way people structure
their experiences.
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Ethnography (cont.)
• Seeks an emic perspective (insider’s view) of the
culture
• Relies on wide range of data sources (interviews,
observations, documents; some may be quantitative.)
• Participant observation is a particularly important
source.
• Product: an in-depth, holistic portrait of the culture
under study
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Phenomenology
• Focuses on the description and interpretation of people’s
lived experience
• Asks: What is the essence of a phenomenon as it is
experienced by people, and what does it mean?
• Acknowledges people’s physical ties to their world:
“being in the world”
• Four key aspects of experience: lived space, lived body,
lived time, lived human relation
• Main data source: in-depth conversations with a small
number of participants who have experienced the
phenomenon
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Descriptive Phenomenology
• Describes human experience
• Based on philosophy of Husserl
• Steps: bracketing, intuiting, analyzing, describing
• Bracketing (identifying and holding in abeyance
preconceived views)
–
May involve maintaining a reflexive journal
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Interpretive Phenomenology
• Emphasis on interpreting and understanding
experience, not just describing it
• Based on philosophy of Heidegger: Heideggerian
hermeneutics
• Bracketing does not occur.
• Supplementary data sources: texts, artistic expressions
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Question
• Which of the following would be associated with
descriptive phenomenology?
−A. Emic perspective
−B. Bracketing
−C. Fieldwork
−D. Lived human relation
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Answer
• B. Bracketing
• Rationale: Descriptive phenomenology involves four
steps, the first of which is bracketing. Emic perspective
and fieldwork are associated with ethnography. Lived
human relation is characteristic of phenomenology in
general.
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Grounded Theory
• Focuses on the discovery of a basic social psychological
problem that a defined group of people experience
• Elucidates social psychological processes and social
structures
• Has a number of theoretical roots—e.g., symbolic
interaction
• Originally developed by sociologists Glaser and Strauss
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Grounded Theory Methods
• Primary data sources: in-depth interviews with 20 to
40 people; may be supplemented with observations,
written documents
• Data collection, data analysis, and sampling occur
simultaneously.
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Grounded Theory Analysis
• Constant comparison used to develop and refine
theoretically relevant categories
• Focus is on understanding a central concern or core
variable.
• A basic social process (BSP) explains how people
come to resolve the problem or concern.
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Alternative Views of Grounded Theory
• Glaser and Strauss (generation of explanatory theory
linking related concepts); called Glaserian methods
• Strauss and Corbin (full conceptual description)
• Nurse researchers have used both approaches. Also
constructivist grounded theory
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Case Studies
• Not all qualitative studies are conducted within a
disciplinary tradition. Examples include:
• Case studies
– These focus on a thorough description and
explanation of a single case or small number of
cases.
– Cases can be individuals, families, groups,
organizations, or communities.
– Data often are collected over an extended period.
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Question
• Is the following statement True or False?
• When applying grounded theory methods, the researcher
obtains the sample first and then collects data.
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Answer
• False
• Rationale: When using grounded theory methods, data
collection, data analysis, and sampling occur
simultaneously.
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Narrative Analysis
• Texts that provide detailed stories are sometimes
analyzed through narrative analysis.
• There are numerous approaches to analyzing texts.
• One example is Burke’s pentadic dramatism: analyzes
five elements of a story (act, scene, agent, agency,
purpose); meant to be analyzed in ratios, such as
act:agent
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Descriptive Qualitative Studies
• Many studies do not claim any specific type of approach
or disciplinary tradition.
• Such descriptive studies seek to holistically describe
phenomena as they are perceived by the people who
experience them.
• The researchers may say that they did a content analysis
of the narrative data with the intent of understanding
important themes and patterns.
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Research With Ideological Perspectives
• Critical theory research:
– Such research is concerned with a critique of existing
social structures and with envisioning new
possibilities.
– Transformation is a key objective.
– Ethnographies are especially likely to be critical.
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Research With Ideological Perspectives
(cont.)
• Feminist research:
– Focuses on how gender domination and
discrimination shape women’s lives and their
consciousness
• Participatory action research (PAR):
– Produces knowledge through close collaboration with
groups or communities that are vulnerable to control
or oppression
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Question
• Which of the following would best describe the key
objective of critical theory research?
−A. Long-term data collection
−B. Gender domination
−C. Transformation
−D. Vulnerable groups
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Answer
• C. Transformation
• Rationale: A key objective of critical theory research is
transformation. Data collection over time is common in
case studies. The effect of gender domination and
discrimination is associated with feminist research.
Groups or communities vulnerable to control or
oppression are associated with participatory action
research.
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End of Presentation
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins