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Metal Additive Manufacture Seminar Manufacturing Technology Centre, Coventry 18-19 May 2007 Aerospace √ Medical √ Courtesy: Cdr J. Forsberg, Washington, US Ford √ Agreed categories 1. VAT Photopolymerisation 2. Sheet Lamination 3. Material Extrusion 4. Material Jetting 5. Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) 6. Binder Jetting 7. Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Laser Powder Bed Fusion L-PBF • Fatigue life is worse. • Yield strength can be better • Hot Isostatic pressing (HIP) can improve fatigue life but reduces yield strength • HIP can improve density but has to start high with no linked porosity Costs • £6.18/cm3 for L-PBF (But full machine) • Recent stainless steel 316L £18.30/cm3 Powder • 1/3 cost is raw powder • Powder characteristics affect build – Particle size and distribution – Particle shape – Particle porosity – Bulk packing and Flow – Alloy composition – Interstitials – Cleanliness Gas Inspection • In process inspection systems • Post manufacture inspection – – – – – – XCT Resonance Eddy current Ultrasonic Magnetic particle 3D scanning Software • Topology Optimisation (TrueForm Creo, CAESS ProTOp, ANSYS 18.1) Lattices Truss Distortion Prediction Tools (MTC, Pan, 3D SIM, GeonX) Creo4 • Creo4.0 Additive Manufacturing extension – Direct connection to Stratasys and 3D systems printers – Lattice creation Ingredients Method Equipment Post processing