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Exploration and Expansion
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Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Voyages of Discovery
Main Idea
During the 1400s and 1500s European explorers—inspired by
greed, curiosity, and the desire for glory, and aided by new
technologies—sailed to many previously unknown lands.
Essential Questions
• What were the foundations upon which the Age of Exploration
was built?
• What discoveries were made by explorers from Portugal and
Spain?
• What drove explorers from the rest of Europe?
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Foundations of Exploration
• Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in
Europe
• Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration
Gold & God
• Search for wealth
• Europeans desired
expensive luxury
goods
• Other explorers
hoped to spread
their faith into new
lands
Glory & Curious
- Some set out to find
fame, glory
- Another motive—
simple curiosity
- Writings intrigued
many with tales of
exotic lands,
peoples
New Routes
• Hoped to find
new, faster
routes to Asia to
gain trade
foothold
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Advances in Technology
• Whatever reasons for exploring, Europeans could not have made
voyages of discovery without certain key advances in technology
• Some advances made during renaissance & others borrowed from
people with whom Europeans had contact (Chinese, Muslims)
Navigation
• Sailors needed precise means to calculate location
• Compass brought to Europe from China
• Europeans learned to use astrolabe from Muslims
• Navigators could chart location based on sun, stars in relation to
horizon
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Shipbuilding
Improvements
• Just as important as advances in navigation were advances in shipbuilding
• Europeans learned to build ships that rode lower in water, to withstand
heavier waves; also had larger cargo holds
Caravels
• Triangular-shaped sails; could sail against the wind
• Multiple sails = made ships faster
Popular for Exploratory Voyages
• Caravel would also be equipped with weapons, including cannons
• Ships could face off against hostile ships at sea
• Maneuverability, defensive ability made caravel most popular for exploring
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Summarize
How did advances in technology aid
exploration?
Answer(s): new ships faster and more
maneuverable, could better handle sea voyages;
navigational instruments allowed for voyages of
exploration
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Explorers from Portugal and Spain
As a result of their location facing the Atlantic Ocean, Portugal and
Spain were well suited to kicking off the Age of Exploration.
The Portuguese
• Portugal was first country to
launch large-scale voyages of
exploration
• Begun largely due to efforts of
Prince Henry the Navigator,
not himself explorer
• He was a supporter of those
who wished to explore
Navigation Schools
• Henry established
schools to which he
brought sailors,
mapmakers, astronomers
• Expeditions sent west to
islands in Atlantic, south
to explore western coast
of Africa
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Exploration Attempts
Water Route to India
• Prince Henry’s ultimate goal—find water route around Africa to India
• 1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to sail around southern tip of Africa
da Gama and Cabral
• 1497, Vasco da Gama set out for India, stopped at several African ports
• da Gama’s trip inspired another expedition to India, led by Pedro Cabral
• Sailed west; sighted, claimed land that became known as Brazil
Results
- Portugal established trading centers; became rich,
powerful European nation
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
The Spanish
Italian Sailor
- 1492, Spanish rulers agreed to
pay for voyage by Italian sailor
Christopher Columbus
• Columbus believed he could
sail west from Spain, reach
China, he was correct in theory,
but figures he presented about
earth’s size wrong
• Columbus reached island in
Caribbean after about two
months at sea
• Believed he found new route to
Asia, hailed him as hero
3 More Voyages
• Still believed he had reached
Asia
- Error not realized until about
1502, when explorer Amerigo
Vespucci sailed coast of South
America, concluded it was not
Asia
- Knowing they had found new
land, they set out to explore it
- Núñez de Balboa became first
European to see Pacific Ocean
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Ferdinand Magellan
After Balboa’s discovery, the Spanish realized they needed to cross
another ocean to reach Asia.
West Around World
Perilous Voyage
• What Spanish did not know
was how large ocean might be
• Journey long, difficult; some
men mutinied, rebelled
• Ferdinand Magellan decided
to sail west around world
• Magellan killed in fight with
Philippine natives; his men
sailed on
• 1519, Magellan set out for
Spain with five ships, 250 men
• 1522, 18 survivors of original
fleet arrived back in Spain, first
to circumnavigate world
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Analyze
What did da Gama, Columbus, and
Magellan accomplish?
Answer(s): da Gama—reached India via sea;
Columbus—landed in the Americas;
Magellan—circumnavigated the earth
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Explorers from the Rest of Europe
• By early 1500s the English, French, & Dutch were
exploring northern parts of the Americas.
The English
• 1497, English voyage of
discovery launched John
Cabot, he sailed to Atlantic
coast of Canada
• Sir Francis Drake sailed
north to seek route around
North America
Henry Hudson
• Sent Dutch-born sailor
Henry Hudson to find
shorter route to Asia
• Hoped to find NE Passage
around Europe, but failed
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
French & Dutch
The French
The Dutch
• Also wanted to find
passage to Asia
• Sent explorers to look for
Northwest Passage
• 1534, Jacques Cartier
sailed into St. Lawrence
River, claimed land as
province of New France,
now Canada
• By 1600s Netherlands
powerful trading nation,
hoped to find new
products, trading partners
• 1609, Henry Hudson set
out to find Northwest
Passage
• Did not find passage, but
did explore river now
named for him
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Find the Main Idea
What did English, French, and Dutch
explorers hope to find?
Answer(s): a shorter route to Asia