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Music Through the ages
Jocelyn Bumgardner
12th grade General Music
December 7th, 2004
The six periods of music
• Middle Ages
450-1450
• Renaissance
1450-1600
• Baroque
1600-1750
• Classical
1750-1820
• Romantic
1820-1900
• 20th Century
1900-Present
• Music in the Church
– Music was an important
part of the Christian
worship.
– All liturgical text was put to
music know as Gregorian
Chant.
– The majority of composers
in this era were associated
with and supported by a
church.
• Notating music in the
beginning
– A method for music
notation was not developed
until around the 9th century.
– Notation was a difficult and
time consuming process
mainly done in Cathedrals
and Monasteries.
– It was not until the 12th
century that an music was
preserved outside the
church.
• Style
– Monophony is simple
flowing pitches, rhythm
was not notated and
pertained to the text.
– Polyphony is a mixture of
voices or instruments,
rhythms are restless, and
harmonies and dissonance
are unexpected.
– Polyphony was started in
the 9th century but not used
by composers until the 13th
century.
• Court participation
– Music was an important
part of the court and the
aristocracy performed and
composed these secular
works.
– Music from the troubadours
and trouvères have been
found dating back to the
12th century.
– By the 14th century
polyphony took hold in the
secular world as well.
• Composers
– Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1177)- she was a
composer of plainchant(monophonic), she is one of few
women composers of this era. Most of the others are
anonyms or lost. She composed many pieces for church
and a few for herself.
– Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377)- he composed both
monophonic pieces and polyphonic pieces, some for
church and several secular pieces. He helped in creating
the Ars Nova movement, meaning ‘New Art’.
• New Learning
– The arts became an
important part of education
in this era.
– Music moves from a study
of numbers to an expressive
art.
– Music publication was
developed in this era and
music books and books
about music were easy to
come by.
• Cause and effect
– Due to the growing courtly
interest started in the
Middle ages music became
a profitable profession.
– The grow in music is
responsible for the
expansion of European
cities and courts.
– With the abundance of
money more people began
to travel and International
music was born.
• The 3 areas of music
– Sacred music- Christian
Masses and motets, it is in
this area that international
influence is most apparent.
– Secular music- composers
experimented in this area
and developed the Italian
madrigal and the French
chanson.
– Instrumental music- due to
the availability of printed
music more people picked
up instruments and more
amateur composers
emerged.
• What the 3 areas share
– The use of 4 voice texture
– Imitative music, call and
response
– Smooth, gentle rhythms
– Melodies with balanced
phrases
– Harmonies with full triads
– Dances based on Binary
form
• Composers
– Guillaume du Fay (1397-1474)- he had excellent
musical training at the Cathedral at Cambrai. He
became an international musician at the age of 25 and
was widely known. He composed many masses and
also a significant amount of Secular music. He even
composed his own funeral mass before he died.
– Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)- his music was very
poetic, he was known for the fact that his music always
reflected the words and mood of the piece. He wrote a
very famous opera in the Baroque period called
L’incoronazione di Poppea.
• Music’s role in society
– Catholic and Protestant
religions were adapting
more and more music into
the mass.
– Opera became an important
source of entertainment in
all social classes.
– Composers began using the
styles of other countries in
their music. The superiority
of French, German, and
Italian music always
resulted in a heated debate.
• No discrimination
– Instrumental music was in
no way pushed aside by
opera. The sonata and
concerto forms were
developed and were used
frequently.
– Instrument makers
experimented with new
instruments and came up
with more winds.
– Expression and technique
were of highest importance.
• Musical Style
– An Italian continuous bass
technique was very popular
in this era.
– The texture of the music
was mainly melody and
accompaniment.
– New instruments added
many new musical colors,
and instruments and voices
were mixed freely in
composition.
• Composition Style
– Melodies were composed of
dramatic leaps, and rhythms
were mostly developed
from dance rhythms.
– Harmonies were based on
major/minor tonalities and
dissonances were becoming
used more.
– Musical structure was
mostly Repetition, Simple
binary, and Ternary forms.
• Composers
– Johann Sebastian Bach(1685-1750)- Bach lived a hard
life, he had 2 wives and 20 children. He worked for
several churches and composed tons of musical works.
He was a very religious man. The Well-Tempered
Clavier and the Brandenburg Concertos are some of his
most famous works.
– George Frideric Handel(1685-1759)- Handel is known
for his operas and oratorios. He was a man of the world,
he composed for the public rather than a church.
Although he was German born, his compositions were
in Italian style. His most famous works are the Messiah
and Water Music.
• History
– The Industrial Revolution
influenced the increase of
urban life in Europe and the
Americas.
– The philosophy of the
Enlightenment changed the
world’s view and placed
emphasis on the natural
rights of people and the
ability of humans to shape
their own environment.
• Musical importance
– Music began to be seen as
“an innocent luxury” due to
the improved economy.
– European composers
reacted to the increase in
demand for music and
composed more.
– The ideals shifted in this era
from ‘unnatural’ to ‘natural’
– ‘Real’ emotions had to be
brought out in music when
composed.
• Keeping it simple
– Simpler textures were used,
such as homophonic
textures and contrapuntal
was used sparingly.
– Simpler melodies were used
also, melodies dell into
even phrases and were
symmetrical question and
answer material.
• New developments
– The piano was discovered
in this era. It could produce
graduated dynamics and
because the most important
solo instrument.
– The musical forms were
even more simple, they
were predominately 2 and 3
part forms and were mostly
sonata forms.
• Composers
– Franz Joseph Haydn(1732-1809)- Haydn spent most of
his life with one royal family, the Esterházy family. He
composed for their every need. He was a role model to
Mozart and Beethoven, and composed many works
including the Creation, lots of Symphonies, and many
string pieces.
– Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart(1756-1791)- Mozart was a
gifted child, at age 6 he performed for the empress and
was composing even earlier. He lived a very short life,
but still managed to compose many symphonies,
concertos, operas, chamber music, keyboard music, and
many other.
• Changing Musician
– The composers of this era
no longer depended on the
nobility for employment but
rather on the support of the
public.
– Conservatories replaced the
apprentice system of the
church.
– Women were accepted as
performers now, but social
and cultural barriers limited
their abilities to be
composers.
• Changing Music
– Composers used music
more and more as a national
identity.
– Instead of the very ‘natural’
thinking of the Classical
period, composers write
their works based of stories
of exotic lands and people.
– Composers were now
expressing their musical
ideas as people, things, and
dramatic situations as well
as emotional states.
• Style
– Dynamics were used more
often in this era, as well as a
larger range. The new
instruments were equipped
with the ability to reach
ranges higher than before.
– Melodies are longer , more
dramatic, and emotional.
– Tempos are more extreme,
and tempo rubato is often
used.
• Style
– Tempo rubato stands for
“borrowed time”, this is
when the composer
hesitates or rushes forward
in the music.
– Harmonies are fuller and
even more dissonant than in
the Classical period.
– Formal structures were
expanded. Due to the
programmatic content of the
pieces, they were much
longer.
• Composers
– Frédéric François Chopin(1810-1849)- Chopin focused
most of his music on piano. It is either solo piano, or
the piano plays a big role. He studied at a conservatory
in Warsaw as a boy, he composed many famous piano
works, and also chamber music(including piano)
– Johannes Brahms(1833-1897)- Brahms created a style
that blended the lyrical and intellectual and served as a
contrast to the progressive style of the New German
School. He had a lot of musical influence at home, and
began touring at age 20. Brahms composed
symphonies, piano sonatas, chamber music, and choral
music.
• Technology
– We live in a century that has
changed the most. We
possess the technological
ability to control nearly
every aspect of life. And we
have developed tools that
could end all life in an
instant.
– Everything is at the tips of
our fingers, even
comunication. We can send
and receive messages
instantly. Entertainment is
the same way.
• Music today
– Some composers have made
the decision to distance
themselves from the past,
while others still use it.
– Popular music, such as jazz,
country,and rock, are the
central focus of music.
– Composers whose music
has become more and more
complex have widened the
gap between art and popular
music.
• Styles today
– Any sound is possible now
with the help of a computer.
New instruments and the
sounds of popular music
have changed everything.
– Popular music is based on
homophonic textures.
– Rhythm is extremely
complex now too.
• Styles today
– Melodies are long and
abstract, and are sometimes
reduced to small gestures.
– Any harmonic combination
is possible. Extreme
dissonance is used, and
microtonal intervals too.
– Form is an infinite degree,
and is left to improvisation
and chance
• Composers
– Scott Joplin(1867-1917)- Joplin is considered the most
important and influential ragtime composer. He was an
amateur composer, and an exceptional performer. He
composed only for piano and is known for The Maple
Leaf Rag and The Entertainer.
– Aaron Copland(1900-1990)- Copland helped define a
twentieth century American sound. His influence on his
contemporaries and students was amazing. He
composed symphonies, ballets, film scores, and piano
music.