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Audition
1
The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves
Sound waves are composed of compression and
rarefaction of air molecules.
Acoustical transduction: Conversion of sound
waves into neural impulses in the hair cells of the
inner ear.
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Sound Characteristics
1. Frequency (pitch)
2. Intensity (loudness)
3. Quality (timbre)
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Frequency (Pitch)
Frequency (pitch):
The dimension of
frequency
determined by the
wavelength of
sound.
Wavelength: The
distance from the
peak of one wave
to the peak of the
next.
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Intensity (Loudness)
Intensity
(Loudness):
Amount of energy
in a wave,
determined by the
amplitude, relates
to the perceived
loudness.
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Loudness of Sound
Richard Kaylin/ Stone/ Getty Images
120dB
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70dB
Quality (Timbre)
Quality (Timbre): Characteristics of sound from
a zither and a guitar allows the ear to distinguish
between the two.
http://www.1christian.net
www.jamesjonesinstruments.com
Zither
Guitar
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Overtones
Overtones: Makes the distinction among musical
instruments possible.
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The Ear
Dr. Fred Hossler/ Visuals Unlimited
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The Ear
Outer Ear: Pinna. Collects sounds.
Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and
cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer,
anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations
of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.
Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear,
containing the cochlea, semicircular canals,
and vestibular sacs.
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Cochlea
Cochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the
inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to
auditory signals.
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Theories of Audition
Place Theory suggests that sound frequencies
stimulate the basilar membrane at specific
places resulting in perceived pitch.
http://www.pc.rhul.ac.uk
12
Theories of Audition
Frequency Theory states that the rate of nerve
impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches
the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense
its pitch.
Sound
Frequency
Auditory Nerve
Action Potentials
100 Hz
200
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Localization of Sounds
Because we have two ears, sounds that reach
one ear faster than the other ear cause us to
localize the sound.
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Localization of Sound
1. Intensity differences
2. Time differences
Time differences as small as 1/100,000 of a second
can cause us to localize sound. The head acts as a
“shadow” or partial sound barrier.
15
Hearing Loss
Conduction Hearing Loss: Hearing loss caused by
damage to the mechanical system that conducts
sound waves to the cochlea.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Hearing loss caused
by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the
auditory nerve, also called nerve deafness.
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Hearing Deficits
Older people tend to hear low frequencies well but suffer
hearing loss when listening for high frequencies.
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Deaf Culture
Cochlear implants are electronic devices that
enable the brain to hear sounds.
Wolfgang Gstottner. (2004) American
Scientist, Vol. 92, Number 5. (p. 437)
EG Images/ J.S. Wilson ©
Deaf Musician
Cochlear Implant
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Other Important Senses
Bruce Ayers/ Stone/ Getty Images
The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin
senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.
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Skin Senses
Only pressure has identifiable receptors. All other
skin sensations are variations of pressure, warmth,
cold and pain.
Pressure
Burning hot
Vibration
Vibration
Cold, warmth and pain
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Pain
Pain tells the body that something has gone wrong.
Usually pain results from damage to the skin and
other tissues. A rare disease exists in which the
afflicted person feels no pain.
AP Photo/ Stephen Morton
Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain
nor extreme hot or cold.
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Biopsychosocial Influences
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Gate-Control Theory
Melzak and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our
spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that
either block pain or allow it to be sensed.
Gary Comer/ PhototakeUSA.com
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Pain Control
Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies
including, drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise,
hypnosis, and even thought distraction.
Todd Richards and Aric Vills, U.W.
©Hunter Hoffman, www.vrpain.com
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Taste
Traditionally, taste sensations consisted of sweet,
salty, sour, and bitter tastes. Recently, receptors for
a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami”.
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Umami
(Fresh
Chicken)
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Sensory Interaction
When one sense affects another sense, sensory
interaction takes place. So, the taste of strawberry
interacts with its smell and its texture on the
tongue to produce flavor.
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Smell
Like taste, smell is a chemical sense. Odorants
enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 million
receptors to sense smell. Unlike taste, there are
many different forms of smell.
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Age, Gender, and Smell
Ability to identify smell peaks during early
adulthood, but steadily declines after that. Women
are better at detecting odors than men.
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Smell and Memories
The brain region for
smell (in red) is closely
connected with the
brain regions involved
with memory (limbic
system). That is why
strong memories are
made through the sense
of smell.
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Body Position and Movement
The sense of our body parts’ position and
movement is called kinesthesis. The vestibular
sense monitors the head (and body’s) position.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
http://www.heyokamagazine.com
Whirling Dervishes
Wire Walk
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