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BONE HISTOLOGY, LONG BONE DISSECTION, AND CRANIAL AND FACIAL BONES BONE HISTOLOGY: Be able to identify the following features of compact bone tissue: • Osteon • Central (Haversian) canal • Osteocytes in lacunae • Canaliculi • Concentric lamellae • Circumferential lamellae • Interstitial lamellae • Periosteum Be able to identify the following features of spongy bone tissue: • Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Bone marrow LONG BONE DISSECTION: Be able to identify the following features on a fresh cow long bone: • Diaphysis • Proximal epiphysis • Distal epiphysis • Medullary (marrow) cavity and yellow bone marrow • Spongy bone with trabeculae and red bone marrow • Compact bone • Periosteum • Endosteum • Epiphyseal line • Articular (hyaline) cartilage • Meniscus (optional) CRANIAL AND FACIAL BONES AND FEATURES: • SUTURES: Coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoidal Know which bones are joined by each major suture, and be able to identify the sutures from any view of the cranium. • PARANASAL SINUSES: frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus These are air-filled chambers named for the bone they occur in. They can be identified in different sections of the the skull. You are only responsible for identifying the frontal sinus. Be able to identify the paranasal sinuses in the appropriate skull sections. • FONTANELLES: anterior fontanelle, sphenoid fontanelle, mastoid fontanelle, posterior fontanelle These are features (soft spots) of the fetal skull. You are only responsible fro the anterior fonanelle Be able to identify the fontanels on a fetal skull. LIST OF BONES (AND BONE MARKINGS) YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ON THE FIRST LAB PRACTICAL EXAM: You are NOT responsible for the significance of these markings. We have indicated the significance because it might make these markings easier to learn. You are responsible for determining left or right on all paired cranial bones. Paired bones are indicated by (2) in parentheses. View Bone Bone Markings Significance Frontal Frontal (1) Nasal (2) Sphenoid (1) Supraorbital foramen supraorbital artery and nerve Superior orbital fissure CNIII; CNIV; CNV (opthalmic branch); CNVI CNV (maxillary branch) superior part of nasal septum increase surface area for warming and filtering air Inferior orbital fissure Perpendicular plate Superior & middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha (2) Lacrimal (2) Zygomatic (2) Maxilla (2) Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid (1) Mandible (1) Lateral Maxilla Mandible Zygomatic Temporal Sphenoid Other bones Alveolar processes Body Ramus Alveolar processes Angle Mental foramen Infraorbital foramen Coronoid process Mandibular condyle Mandibular notch Body Ramus Mental foramen Temporal process1 infraorbital artery; CNV (maxillary branch) contain upper teeth contain lower teeth CNV (mandibular branch); blood vessels insertion pt. of temporalis forms joint w/ mandibular fossa of temporal bone CNV (mandibular branch) forms anterior portion of zygomatic arch (cheekbone) Zygomatic process1 forms posterior portion of zygomatic arch (cheekbone) Squamous region remember: squamous means flat Styloid process attachment for hyoid and tongue muscles Mastoid process insertion for sternocleidomastoid and others External acoustic (auditory) meatus2 opening to the auditory canal Greater wing Lacrimal, nasal, occipital, frontal View Superior/ horizontal section Bone Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Temporal Occipital Inferior Maxilla Palatine (2) Vomer Sphenoid Temporal Occipital Bone Markings Frontal Sinus Cribriform Plate Olfactory (cribriform) foramina Crista galli Greater wing Lesser wing Sella turcica Optic foramen Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum (with temporal and occipital bones) Petrous portion Internal acoustic (auditory) meatus/canal2 Jugular foramen Foramen magnum Groove for sigmoid sinus Groove for transverse sinus Hypoglossal canal Palatine process Incisive foramen (fossa) Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Greater wing Carotid canal Jugular foramen Mastoid process Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa External occipital protruberance Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Hypoglossal canal Significance paranasal sinus passageways for CNI (olfalctory nerves) attachment point for falx cerebri can be seen in a lateral view houses pituitary gland CNII (optic nerve), opthalmic artery CNV mandibular branch CNV maxillary branch middle meningeal vessels nothing passes through, covered with connective tissue CNVII and VIII and blood vessels to inner ear exit/enter cranial cavity internal jugular vein; CNIX; CNX; CNXI spinal cord (out); vertebral arteries (in); CNXI (in) Dural sinuses carry CSF to internal jugular vein CNXII (hypoglossal nerve) form anterior portion of hard palate branches of nasopalatine nerve (from CNV, maxillary branch) form posterior portion of hard palate forms inferior part of nasal septum internal carotid artery CNVII Facial nerve exits skull hear forms joint with mandibular condyle attachment site for neck/back muscles articulate with atlas (1st cervical vertebra) View Bone Bone Markings Medial/ sagittal section Frontal Frontal sinus Nasal Sphenoid Ethmoid Vomer Palatine Maxilla Mandible Parietal Temporal Occipital 1 Significance Sphenoid sinus Sella turcica Lateral and Medial Pterygoid processes Perpendicular plate Crista galli Mandibular foramen CNV (mandibular branch); blood vessels Internal Acoustic (Auditory) Canal Hypoglossal canal Styloid processes Note: the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone are incorrectly labeled in fig. 7.6 (McKinley O’Laughlin, 1st edition) 2 meatus = opening to a canal Be able to identify the Hyoid bone