Download Cranium

BONE HISTOLOGY, LONG BONE DISSECTION, AND CRANIAL AND FACIAL BONES
BONE HISTOLOGY:
Be able to identify the following features of compact bone tissue:
• Osteon
• Central (Haversian) canal
• Osteocytes in lacunae
• Canaliculi
• Concentric lamellae
• Circumferential lamellae
• Interstitial lamellae
• Periosteum
Be able to identify the following features of spongy bone tissue:
• Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Bone marrow
LONG BONE DISSECTION:
Be able to identify the following features on a fresh cow long bone:
• Diaphysis
• Proximal epiphysis
• Distal epiphysis
• Medullary (marrow) cavity and yellow bone marrow
• Spongy bone with trabeculae and red bone marrow
• Compact bone
• Periosteum
• Endosteum
• Epiphyseal line
• Articular (hyaline) cartilage
• Meniscus (optional)
CRANIAL AND FACIAL BONES AND FEATURES:
• SUTURES: Coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoidal
Know which bones are joined by each major suture, and be able to identify the sutures from any view
of the cranium.
• PARANASAL SINUSES: frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus
These are air-filled chambers named for the bone they occur in. They can be identified in different
sections of the the skull. You are only responsible for identifying the frontal sinus.
Be able to identify the paranasal sinuses in the appropriate skull sections.
•
FONTANELLES: anterior fontanelle, sphenoid fontanelle, mastoid fontanelle, posterior
fontanelle
These are features (soft spots) of the fetal skull. You are only responsible fro the anterior fonanelle
Be able to identify the fontanels on a fetal skull.
LIST OF BONES (AND BONE MARKINGS) YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ON THE FIRST LAB
PRACTICAL EXAM:
You are NOT responsible for the significance of these markings. We have indicated the significance
because it might make these markings easier to learn.
You are responsible for determining left or right on all paired cranial bones. Paired bones are
indicated by (2) in parentheses.
View
Bone
Bone Markings
Significance
Frontal
Frontal (1)
Nasal (2)
Sphenoid (1)
Supraorbital foramen
supraorbital artery and nerve
Superior orbital fissure
CNIII; CNIV; CNV (opthalmic
branch); CNVI
CNV (maxillary branch)
superior part of nasal septum
increase surface area for
warming and filtering air
Inferior orbital fissure
Perpendicular plate
Superior & middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Maxilla (2)
Infraorbital foramen
Ethmoid (1)
Mandible (1)
Lateral
Maxilla
Mandible
Zygomatic
Temporal
Sphenoid
Other bones
Alveolar processes
Body
Ramus
Alveolar processes
Angle
Mental foramen
Infraorbital foramen
Coronoid process
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch
Body
Ramus
Mental foramen
Temporal process1
infraorbital artery; CNV (maxillary
branch)
contain upper teeth
contain lower teeth
CNV (mandibular branch); blood
vessels
insertion pt. of temporalis
forms joint w/ mandibular fossa
of temporal bone
CNV (mandibular branch)
forms anterior portion of
zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
Zygomatic process1
forms posterior portion of
zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
Squamous region
remember: squamous means flat
Styloid process
attachment for hyoid and tongue
muscles
Mastoid process
insertion for sternocleidomastoid and
others
External acoustic (auditory) meatus2 opening to the auditory canal
Greater wing
Lacrimal, nasal, occipital, frontal
View
Superior/
horizontal
section
Bone
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Inferior
Maxilla
Palatine (2)
Vomer
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Bone Markings
Frontal Sinus
Cribriform Plate
Olfactory (cribriform) foramina
Crista galli
Greater wing
Lesser wing
Sella turcica
Optic foramen
Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum (with temporal
and occipital bones)
Petrous portion
Internal acoustic (auditory)
meatus/canal2
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Groove for sigmoid sinus
Groove for transverse sinus
Hypoglossal canal
Palatine process
Incisive foramen (fossa)
Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Greater wing
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
External occipital protruberance
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
Hypoglossal canal
Significance
paranasal sinus
passageways for CNI (olfalctory
nerves)
attachment point for falx cerebri
can be seen in a lateral view
houses pituitary gland
CNII (optic nerve), opthalmic artery
CNV mandibular branch
CNV maxillary branch
middle meningeal vessels
nothing passes through, covered
with connective tissue
CNVII and VIII and blood vessels to
inner ear exit/enter cranial cavity
internal jugular vein; CNIX; CNX;
CNXI
spinal cord (out); vertebral
arteries (in); CNXI (in)
Dural sinuses carry CSF to internal
jugular vein
CNXII (hypoglossal nerve)
form anterior portion of hard palate
branches of nasopalatine nerve
(from CNV, maxillary branch)
form posterior portion of hard palate
forms inferior part of nasal septum
internal carotid artery
CNVII Facial nerve exits skull hear
forms joint with mandibular condyle
attachment site for neck/back
muscles
articulate with atlas (1st cervical
vertebra)
View
Bone
Bone Markings
Medial/
sagittal
section
Frontal
Frontal sinus
Nasal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Vomer
Palatine
Maxilla
Mandible
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
1
Significance
Sphenoid sinus
Sella turcica
Lateral and Medial Pterygoid processes
Perpendicular plate
Crista galli
Mandibular foramen
CNV (mandibular branch); blood
vessels
Internal Acoustic (Auditory) Canal
Hypoglossal canal
Styloid processes
Note: the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone are incorrectly
labeled in fig. 7.6 (McKinley O’Laughlin, 1st edition)
2
meatus = opening to a canal
Be able to identify the Hyoid bone