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BIOLOGY 1 WORKSHEET II (PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CELLULAR RESPIRATION, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS) 1. Why is the ATP molecule so important to cells? 2. Complete the diagram below: 2 3. Write the equation for cellular respiration. 4. Draw a mitochondrion and label all structures. Indicate where the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur. 5. Discuss the role of the following in cellular respiration: a. Cytoplasm b. Cristae of the mitochondria c. Matrix of the mitochondria d. Glycolysis e. The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) f. The electron transport chain g. Glucose h. Lactic acid I. Oxygen j. Carbon dioxide and water k. Alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide 3 6. Define: a. Aerobic b. Anaerobic c. Electron transport chain 7. Discuss your knowledge of cellular respiration. Include the following terms in your discussion: a. Anaerobic phase f. Transition reaction b. Aerobic phase g. Krebs cycle c. Glycolysis h. Matrix of mitochondria d. Cytoplasm I. Electron transport e. Mitochondria j. Cristae 8. Compare and contrast the differences in cellular respiration when oxygen is readily available and when oxygen becomes limited in supply. Include differences in ATP production, electron transport, and waste products. Also describe the locations where the chemical pathways occur. O2 Available (Normal Pathway) 9. O2 limited (Anaerobic pathway) List at least five physiologic effects of an aerobic conditioning program? 4 10. Cardiac Output = ____________________ X ____________________ 11. List the equation for photosynthesis:__________________________________________ 12. Define: a. Transpiration______________________________________________________ b. Stomata__________________________________________________________ c. Stroma___________________________________________________________ d. Thylakoid________________________________________________________ e. Granum_________________________________________________________ 13. Describe the difference between oxidation and reduction. 14. The purpose of photosynthesis is to make glucose. Glucose contains six carbons. Where does the carbon come from to make glucose? 15. Draw a closed stomate and an open stomate. Label the guard cells. Indicate when each stomate is open and closed in a C3 plant 16. Draw a chloroplast and label all structures. Indicate where the light and dark reactions occur. 5 17. 18. What is produced in the: a. Light reactions: ____________________ and _________________ b. Dark reactions: ____________________ and _________________ Discuss the role of the following in photosynthesis: a. Stomata b. Light c. Chlorophyll d. Carotenoids e. Stroma f. Thylakoid (Inner membrane of chloroplast) g. Water h. Carbon dioxide I. ATP and NADPH (NADPH2) 6 19. What is transpiration? How would you expect temperature, wind velocity, light intensity, and relative humidity to influence transpiration rates? a. Temperature: b. Wind velocity c. Light intensity d. Relative humidity 20. Complete the following graph. Label the point at which light saturation occurs. 21. What does the term Light Saturation mean?___________________________________ 22. Complete the following graph. 23. Name an accessory pigment found in plants. What is the role of accessory pigments in photosynthesis? 24. Would you expect green light to be a very effective color of light for photosynthesis? Explain. 25. What type of leaf anatomy is associated with C 4 photosynthesis?___________________ 7 26. What is the advantage of having a C4 photosynthetic pathway in a hot, arid environment? 27. Where do the electrons come from to make NADPH (NADPH2)? What waste product is created when this happens? 28. Would you expect desert plants in Death Valley to be actively photosynthesizing in August? Explain 29. List 10 adaptations found in plants for existence in the desert and indicate a plant that uses the adaptation you mentioned: Adaptation Plant 30. a.______________________________________ _______________________ b.______________________________________ _______________________ c.______________________________________ _______________________ d.______________________________________ _______________________ e.______________________________________ _______________________ f.______________________________________ _______________________ g.______________________________________ _______________________ h.______________________________________ _______________________ i.______________________________________ _______________________ j.______________________________________ _______________________ What is meant by the term Alpine? What is a major limiting factor for plant growth in alpine areas? 8 31. Complete the following table: Trait C3 Photosynthesis C4 Photosynthesis CAM Photosynthesis Advanced Plants Diversity Typical Habitat Found Everywhere Deserts Leaf Anatomy Normal Normal? Light Saturation 1/3 to ½ Full Sunlight Not Known Optimum Temperature Very Low Maximum P/S Rate Maximum Growth Rate Moderate Water Use Efficiency CO2 Fixed as Enzyme RuDP Carboxylase Stomates Open during the day Closed at night PEP Carboxylase 9 PEP Carboxylase 32. Matching a._____A disaccharide 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. b._____A monosaccharide c._____Energy storage polysaccharide in animals d._____Dietary fiber e._____Cellular organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes f._____Where aerobic respiration takes place g._____Where anaerobic respiration takes place h._____Site of photosynthesis I._____Temperature dependant reactions of photosynthesis j._____Splitting of sugar 19. k._____Waste product(s) of anaerobic respiration in humans l._____Waste product(s) of aerobic respiration in humans m._____Formed in a process called fermentation by yeast n._____Universal energy molecule o._____Universal electron carrier molecule p._____ Reactions that take place in stroma of the chloroplast q._____Reactions that take place in the inner membrane of the chloroplast r._____Glycolysis occurs here s._____Storage form of glucose in plants t._____Chlorophyll is found here u._____Causes sore muscles v._____Produces ATP and NADPH 2 w._____Produces glucose x._____Cell sap is found here y._____Produces pyruvic acid 10 ATP Cellulose Chloroplast Cytoplasm CO 2 and H 2O CO 2 and alcohol Dark reactions Glucose Glycogen Glycolysis Golgi body Lactic acid Light reactions Lysosome Mitochondria NAD Starch 18. Sucrose Vacuole 33. Consider the following mRNA strand: 5' 34. AUG UUA AAU UUC UCA UUA ACC U3' a. What is the primary structure of the protein (amino acid sequence) synthesized from this mRNA template? b. Diagram the DNA segment which produced the above mRNA. Indicate which strand served as the template. c. Diagram the tRNA for the first amino acid showing the amino acid attached and the anticodon. d. If the mRNA was treated with nitrous acid (a mutagenic agent) which converts cytosine bases to uracil ( C ----- U), what would the primary structure of the protein be? Consider the following DNA strand: ---------------ATGGAT a. Draw the mRNA that would be synthesized from the DNA strand with the “arrow” b. How long of a protein could be synthesized form the mRNA strand? TACCTA ---------------- 35. What kind of mutation causes sickle cell anemia? Why has this mutation been selected for in certain African populations? 11