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Chapter 20 Community Ecology Table of Contents Section 1 Species Interactions Section 2 Patterns in Communities Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Objectives • Identify two types of predator adaptations and two types of prey adaptations. • Identify possible causes and results of interspecific competition. • Compare parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism, and give one example of each. Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Predation • Predation is an interaction in which one organism (the predator) captures and eats all or part of another individual organism (the prey). Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Predation, continued • Predator Adaptations – Predators have adaptations to efficiently capture prey, whereas prey species have adaptations to avoid capture. Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Predation, continued • Adaptations in Animal Prey – Mimicry is an adaptation in which a species gains an advantage by resembling another species or object. Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Predation, continued • Adaptations in Plant Prey – Many plants produce secondary compounds as a chemical defense. Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Competition Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Competition • Competitive Exclusion – Competition may cause competitive exclusion, the elimination of one species in a community. Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Effect of Competition on Two Species of Barnacles Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Competition, continued • Character Displacement – Competition may drive the evolution of niche differences among competitors. This evolution of differences in a characteristic due to competition is called character displacement. Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Competition, continued • Resource Partitioning – Differential resource use to avoid competition is called resource partitioning. Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Warbler Foraging Zones Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Symbiosis • Parasitism – In parasitism, one species (the parasite) feeds on, but does not always kill, another species (the host). Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Symbiosis, continued • Mutualism – In mutualism, both interacting species benefit. Chapter 20 Section 1 Species Interactions Symbiosis, continued • Commensalism – In commensalism, one species benefits, and the other is not affected. Chapter 20 Section 2 Patterns in Communities Objectives • Describe the factors that affect species richness in a community. • Explain how disturbances affect community stability. • Distinguish between types of succession, and explain why succession may not be predictable. Chapter 20 Section 2 Patterns in Communities Species Richness • Species richness is the number of species in a community. • Species evenness is the relative abundance of each species. Chapter 20 Section 2 Patterns in Communities Species Richness, continued • Latitude and Species Richness – In general, species richness is greatest near the equator, and larger areas support more species. Chapter 20 Section 2 Patterns in Communities Species Richness, continued • Species Interactions and Species Richness – Species interactions such as predation can promote species richness. Chapter 20 Section 2 Patterns in Communities Species Richness, continued • Community Stability and Species Richness – Disturbances can alter a community by eliminating or removing organisms or altering resource availability. – Species richness may improve a community’s stability. – Areas of low species richness may be less stable in the event of an ecological disturbance. Chapter 20 Section 2 Patterns in Communities Successional Changes in Communities • Ecological succession is a change in the species composition of a community over time. Chapter 20 Section 2 Patterns in Communities Successional Changes in Communities, continued • Primary Succession – Primary succession is the assembly of a community on newly created habitat. – Primary succession occurs in areas that have been recently exposed to the elements and lack soil. Chapter 20 Section 2 Patterns in Communities Successional Changes in Communities, continued • Secondary Succession – Secondary succession is the change in an existing community following a disturbance. – Secondary succession occurs in areas where the original ecosystem has been cleared by a disturbance. Chapter 20 Section 2 Patterns in Communities The Complexity of Succession • The traditional description of succession is that the community proceeds through a predictable series of stages until it reaches a stable end point, called the climax community. • Primary succession typically proceeds from lichens and mosses to a climax community. • Secondary succession typically proceeds from weeds to a climax community. Chapter 20 Section 2 Patterns in Communities Ecological Succession at Glacier Bay