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From C-Reactive Protein to Interleukin-6 to Interleukin-1 by Paul M Ridker Circulation Research Volume 118(1):145-156 January 8, 2016 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Left, Relationship of baseline plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) to risks of future myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death in the prospective Physicians’ Health Study among those randomly allocated to aspirin or placebo. Paul M Ridker Circ Res. 2016;118:145-156 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Left, Meta-analysis of the relationship of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in healthy individuals to future risks of coronary heart disease. Paul M Ridker Circ Res. 2016;118:145-156 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Relationship of plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) to future risks of cardiovascular disease in 25 prospective epidemiologic cohorts. Paul M Ridker Circ Res. 2016;118:145-156 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Mendelian randomization studies demonstrate that polymorphism in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling pathway at rs2228145 and rs7529229 concordantly associate with both lifetime lower levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and lifetime lower risks of coronary heart disease. Paul M Ridker Circ Res. 2016;118:145-156 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome by cholesterol crystals, neutrophil extracellular traps, hypoxia, and atheroprone flow result in production of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β to IL-1β with consequent downstream effects on IL-6 and Creactive protein (CRP), as well as increased vascular atheroma. Paul M Ridker Circ Res. 2016;118:145-156 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Dose-dependent effects of canakinumab at 4 months for C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and fibrinogen among 556 diabetic patients at high risk for vascular disease. Paul M Ridker Circ Res. 2016;118:145-156 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Design of the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS). Paul M Ridker Circ Res. 2016;118:145-156 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.