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WORLD WAR II Americans at War AMERICA TURNS THE TIDE SECTION 1: MOBILIZATION OF ARMED FORCES • After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, they thought America would avoid further conflict with them • The Japan Times newspaper said America was “trembling in their shoes” • But if America was trembling, it was with rage, not fear • “Remember Pearl Harbor” was the rallying cry as America entered WWII AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST • After Pearl Harbor five million Americans enlisted to fight in the war • The Selective Service expanded the draft and eventually provided an additional 10 million soldiers The Selective Training and Service Act required military service registration for all males between the ages of 1. 2. 3. 4. 74% 18 and 40. 21 and 36. 21 and 40. 18 and 56. 26% 0% 1 2 3 0% 4 The GI WAR abbreviation of “Government Issue” 1. 2. 3. 4. 96% Liberty ship victory garden GI GI JOE 0% 1 4% 0% 2 3 4 Diversity in the Armed Forces ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT • • • • • These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers scored the highest marks ever on the Officers exam in 1944 Despite discrimination at home, minority populations contributed to the war effort 1,000,000 African Americans served in the military 300,000 Mexican-Americans 33,000 Japanese Americans 25,000 Native Americans 13,000 Chinese Americans Women in the Military WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT • Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall pushed for the formation of the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) • Under this program women worked in non-combat roles such as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, and pilots MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS • In 1941, FDR created the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to bring scientists into the war effort • Focus was on radar and sonar to locate submarines • Also the scientists worked on penicillin and pesticides like DDT MANHATTAN PROJECT • The most important achievement of the OSRD was the secret development of the atomic bomb • Einstein wrote to FDR warning him that the Germans were attempting to develop such a weapon • The code used to describe American efforts to build the bomb was the “Manhattan Project” Preparing the Economy for War WAR PRODUCTION BOARD • To ensure the troops had ample resources, FDR created the WPB • The WPB decided which companies would convert to wartime production and how to best allocate raw materials to those industries Why did President Franklin Roosevelt create the Office of War Mobilization? 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. to replace the Office of Price Administration 2. to centralize agencies dealing with war production 3. to build up wartime morale 4. to reduce the government’s role in war production 1 4 A PRODUCTION MIRACLE • Americans converted their auto industry into a war industry • The nation’s automobile plants began to produce tanks, planes, boats, and command cars • Many other industries also converted to warrelated supplies Instead of making cars, the Ford Motor Company converted to making 25% 1. 2. 3. 4. 25% 25% 2 3 25% warships. artillery. bombers. trucks. 1 4 Please do Now • Why was military production so important to winning the war? Possible Answer • Because winning the war would require the United States to produce enough military equipment to supply not only its own vast forces, but also to make good on the shortfalls of supply being experienced by Britain, the Soviet Union, and other allied nations used to transport troops and supplies 25% 25% 25% 25% 1. 2. 3. 4. Liberty ship victory garden U-Boats GI JOE 1 2 3 4 The Wartime Work Force LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION • By 1944, nearly 18 million workers were laboring in war industries (3x the # in 1941) • More than 6 million of these were women and nearly 2 million were minority During the war, the most serious unionorganized strikes took place in the 25% 1. 2. 3. 4. 25% 25% 2 3 25% auto industry. coal mines. shipyards. Willow Run bomber plant. 1 4 Financing the War There are only two ways our government can collect money • Taxes • Selling of bonds What is a bond? Possible answer • A Bond is simply an 'IOU' in which an investor agrees to loan money to a company or government in exchange for a predetermined interest rate. • In WWII to raise money, one of the governments options was to borrow money from individual investors. The government issues bonds at an interest rate and sells them to the public. Investors purchase them with the understanding that the government will pay back their original principal (the amount the investor loaned) plus any interest that is due by a set date (this is called the "maturity" date) or in our case the end of the war To finance the war, the federal government did all of the following except 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. launch bond drives. 2. raise income taxes. 3. use deficit spending. 4. reduce corporate profits. 1 4 BOND POSTERS OF WWII BOND POSTER AND ACTUAL WAR BOND Daily Life on the Home Front Shortages and Controls What prevented Americans from spending the high wages they earned in wartime jobs? 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. shortages of consumer items 2. fear of going into debt 3. desire to save money 4. inflated prices 1 4 The Office of Price Administration • Established by an executive order • Main job was to control inflation by limiting prices and rent FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TAKES CONTROL OF INFLATION • With prices of goods threatening to rise out of control, FDR responded by creating the Office of Price Administration (OPA) • The OPA froze prices on most goods and encouraged the purchase of war bonds to fight inflation The OPA oversaw rationing during the war • The OPA assigned point values to items sugar, coffee, meat, butter • People got books of coupons that represented points. • When they were gone they could not buy those items WWII Poster encouraging conservation Public Culture With all the rationing, what did people do for fun? • Read books and magazines • Bought songs for example “White Christmas” by Irving Berlin • Went to baseball games (A League of Their Own) • Went to the movies Enlisting Public Support Betty Grable: Allied Pinup Girl She Reminded Men What They Were Fighting For COLLECTION DRIVES • The WPB also organized nationwide drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, paper, rags and cooking fat for recycling • Additionally, the OPA set up a system of rationing • Households had set allocations of scarce goods – gas, meat, shoes, sugar, coffee On the home front, popular culture was characterized by 25% 25% 25% 25% 1. weariness and low spirits. 2. pessimism and fear. 3. resentment and hostility. 4. patriotism and high morale. 1 2 3 4 SECTION 2: RETAKING EUROPE • Days after Pearl Harbor, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill arrived at the White House and spent three weeks working out war plans with FDR • They decided to focus on defeating Hitler first and then turn their attention to Japan Please do Now • Why was the Atlantic Charter significant? Possible Answer • It contained terms agreed to by Great Britain and the US to govern war behavior and define their aims THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC The power of the German submarines was great, and in two months' time almost two million tons of Allied ships were resting on the ocean floor. Efforts were soon made to restrict German subs' activities. • After America’s entry into the war, Hitler was determined to prevent foods and war supplies from reaching Britain and the USSR from America’s east coast • He ordered submarine raids on U.S. ships on the Atlantic • During the first four months of 1942 Germany sank 87 U.S. ships • In the first seven months of 1942, German U-boats sank 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic • Something had to be done or the war at sea would be lost • First, Allies used convoys of ships & airplanes to transport supplies • Destroyers used sonar to track U-boats • Airplanes were used to track the U-boats ocean surfaces • With this improved tracking, Allies inflicted huge losses on German U-boats ALLIES CONTROL U-BOATS U-426 sinks after attack from the air, January 1944. Almost twothirds of all U-boat sailors died during the Battle of the Atlantic. What was the main war strategy that Roosevelt and Churchill first agreed on? 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. to concentrate on chasing the Axis Powers out of Africa 2. to concentrate on fighting the Japanese in the Pacific 3. to concentrate on winning the war in Europe 4. to defend Great Britain against invasion 1 4 The North Africa Campaign: The Battle of El Alamein, 1942 Gen. Ernst Rommel, The “Desert Fox” Gen. Bernard Law Montgomery (“Monty”) THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT • “Operation Torch” – an invasion of Axis controlled North Africa -was launched by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1942 • Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran and the Algiers in Algeria • They sped eastward chasing the Afrika Korps led by German General Edwin Rommel American tanks roll in the deserts of Africa and defeat German and Axis forces Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran and the Algiers After the Allies gained control of Africa, what was their next target? 25% 1. 2. 3. 4. 25% 25% 2 3 25% France Japan the Pacific Italy 1 4 THE INVASION OF ITALY • The Italian Campaign got off to a good start as the Allies easily took Sicily • At that point King Emmanuel III stripped Mussolini of his power and had him arrested • However, Hitler’s forces continued to resist the Allies in Italy • Heated battles ensued and it wasn’t until 1945 that Italy was secured by the Allies The Battle for Sicily: June, 1943 General George S. Patton The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”] :Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” y Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area - North Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1943 y George S. Patton leads American troops y Germans trapped in Tunisia surrender over 275,000 troops. Mussolini & His Mistress, Claretta Petacci Are Hung in Milan, 1945 WAR IN THE SOVIET UNION Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake THE EASTERN FRONT & MEDITERRANEAN Battle of Stalingrad was a huge Allied victory • Hitler wanted to wipe out Stalingrad – a major industrial center • In the summer of 1942, the Germans took the offensive in the southern Soviet Union • By the winter of 1943, the Allies began to see victories on land as well as sea • The first great turning point was the Battle of Stalingrad BATTLE OF STALINGRAD • For weeks the Germans pressed in on Stalingrad • Then winter set in and the Germans were wearing summer uniforms • The Germans surrendered in January of 1943 Wounded in the Battle of Stalingrad • The Soviets lost more than 1 million men in the battle (more than twice the number of deaths the U.S. suffered in all the war) Please do Now • Why did the German invasion of the Soviet Union succeed at first? • What factors helped the Soviet army defeat the Germans Possible answers • The intensity of the attack took the Soviets by surprise • During the retreat, the Soviets destroyed any items that could be if use to the Germans: the cold, harsh weather; the vast size of the Soviet Union Battle of Stalingrad: Winter of 1942-1943 German Army Russian Army 1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men 10,290 artillery guns 13,541 artillery guns 675 tanks 894 tanks 1,216 planes 1,115 planes The Germans were finally halted in their advance into the Soviet Union at 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. the Battle of the Bulge. 2. the Kasserine Pass. 3. the Battle of Stalingrad. 4. Normandy. 1 4 TUSKEGEE AIRMEN • Among the brave men who fought in Italy were pilots of the allblack 99th squadron – the Tuskegee Airmen • The pilots made numerous effective strikes against Germany and won two distinguished Unit Citations On May 31, 1943, the 99th Squadron, the first group of African-American pilots trained at the Tuskegee Institute, arrived in North Africa THE ALLIED AIR WAR Bombing of Dresden http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqukS2Cl Ms0 Please do Now • What was the goal of carpet bombing? • What advantages did carpet bombing have over a conventional attack on Germany? Possible Answer • To drop as many bombs over a wide area, causing heavy damage • Carpet bombing, along with more precise American bombing, enabled the allies to strike all over Germany with lower risk of causalities The complicated Allied invasion to take Europe back from the Axis Powers began 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. on D-Day. 2. at the Battle of the Bulge. 3. in Rome. 4. in the Soviet Union. 1 4 THE INVASION OF WESTERN EUROPE D-DAY OR OPERATION OVERLOARD ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE Allies sent fake coded messages indicating they would attack here • Even as the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on a dramatic invasion of France • It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the commander was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower • Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S. & British troops and was set for June 6, 1944 D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944 D-Day was an amphibious landing – soldiers going from sea to land • D-Day was the largest land-sea-air operation in military history • Despite air support, German retaliation was brutal – especially at Omaha Beach • Within a month, the Allies had landed 1 million troops, 567,000 tons of supplies and 170,000 vehicles OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44 Landing at Normandy Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France Losses were extremely heavy on D-Day Please do Now • How did the Allied decision to delay an invasion of Western Europe and fight instead in North Africa and Italy affect the Soviet Union Possible Answer • The Soviet Union bore the heaviest cost of fighting the Germans July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot Major Claus von Stauffenberg July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot 1. Adolf Hitler 2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel 3. Gen Alfred von Jodl 4. Gen Walter Warlimont 5. Franz von Sonnleithner 6. Maj Herbert Buchs 7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz 8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein 9. Col Nikolaus von Below 10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss 11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant 12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured) 13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend 14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured) LIBERATING FRANCE • By September 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium and Luxembourg • That good news – and the American’s people’s desire not to “change horses in midstream” – helped elect FDR to an unprecedented 4th term FRANCE FREED General George Patton (right) was instrumental in Allies freeing France BATTLE OF THE BULGE “NUTS” BATTLE OF THE BULGE • In October 1944, Americans captured their first German town (Aachen)– the Allies were closing in • Hitler responded with one last ditch massive offensive • Hitler hoped breaking through the Allied line would break up Allied supply lines BATTLE OF THE BULGE The Battle of the Bulge was Germany’s last gasp • The battle raged for a month – the Germans had been pushed back • Little seemed to have changed, but in fact the Germans had sustained heavy losses • Germany lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and 1,600 planes • From that point on the Nazis could do little but retreat The Battle of the Bulge was 25% 1. 2. 3. 4. 25% 25% 2 3 25% the battle in which the least number of American troops fought. the largest battle fought in Western Europe during World War II. the largest battle ever fought in the Soviet Union. a minor World War II battle compared to many others. 1 4 Please Do Now • Explain why Stalingrad and the Battle of the Bulge marked two different turning points in the war? Possible Answer • Battle of Stalingrad: Turning point of war in east; German surrender and loss showed that Germany’s seemingly unstoppable offense was over • Battle of the Bulge: Battle resulted in great German losses, after which most Nazi leaders realized the war was lost WAR IN EUROPE ENDS SOVIET FORCES ADVANCE US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River: April 25, 1945 Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945 Cyanide & Pistols The Führer’s Bunker Mr. & Mrs. Hitler ALLIES TAKE BERLIN; HITLER COMMITS SUICIDE • By April 25, 1945, the Soviet army had stormed Berlin • In his underground headquarters in Berlin, Hitler prepared for the end • On April 29, he married his longtime girlfriend Eva Braun then wrote a last note in which he blamed the Jews for starting the war and his generals for losing it • The next day he gave poison to his wife and shot himself GERMANY SURRENDERS V-E Day, May 8, 1945, marked 25% 25% 25% 25% 1. the start of the largest landing by sea in history. 2. the Allied attack on North Africa. 3. the end of the war in Europe. 4. the end of the war in the Pacific. 1 2 3 4 V-E DAY • General Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich • On May 8, 1945, the Allies celebrated V-E Day – victory in Europe Day • The war in Europe was finally over V-E Day (May 8, 1945) General Keitel V-E Day (May 8, 1945) THE YALTA CONFERENCE Yalta: February, 1945 FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war. y FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany. y Churchill wants strong Germany as buffer against Stalin. y FDR argues for a ‘United Nations’. y YALTA AGREEMENTS • 1) They agreed to divide Germany into 4 occupied zones after the war • 2) Stalin agreed to free elections in Eastern Europe • 3) Stalin agreed to help the U.S. in the war against Japan and to join the United Nations After Germany surrendered, the Allies 25% decided to 25% 25% 25% 1. 2. 3. 4. return it to the German people. divide it in two parts and return one half to the German people. divide it in three parts, to be governed by Britain, the United States, and the Soviets. divide it in four parts, to be governed by Britain, the United States, the Soviets, and France. 1 2 3 4 After World War II, what organization was formed on the basis of the Atlantic Charter? 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. the Yalta Alliance 2. the United Nations 3. the League of Nations 4. the Warsaw Alliance 1 4 FDR DIES; TRUMAN PRESIDENT • President Roosevelt did not live to see V-E Day • On April 12, 1945, he suffered a stroke and died– his VP Harry S Truman became the nation’s 33rd president SECTION 4: THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC • The Americans did not celebrate long, as Japan was busy conquering an empire that dwarfed Hitler’s Third Reich • Japan had conquered much of southeast Asia including the Dutch East Indies, Guam, and most of China Just hours after they bombed Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. the Bataan Peninsula. 2. Clark Field, an American air base. 3. the north coast of Australia. 4. the Mariana Islands, a British stronghold. 1 4 Please do Now • What was Japan’s military strategy immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor Possible Answer • To continue in several different areas of the pacific, before the United States would have time to respond. In this way, the Japanese hoped to gain unrestricted access to territory in Southeast Asia The Philippines Fall Bataan Death March: April, 1942 76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW camps in the Philippines. Bataan: British Soldiers A Liberated British POW When the Japanese advanced against his troops, General MacArthur was forced to 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. leave the Philippines. 2. launch a bombing attack on Japan. 3. surrender his ship. 4. attack Corregidor. 1 4 When the Japanese advanced against his troops, General MacArthur was forced to 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. leave the Philippines. 2. launch a bombing attack on Japan. 3. surrender his ship. 4. attack Corregidor. 1 4 Defending China and Burma The Burma Campaign General Stilwell Leaving Burma, 1942 The “Burma Road” The War at Sea Battle that stopped Japan from attacking Australia 25% 25% 25% 25% 1. The Battle of Guadalcanal 2. Battle of the Coral Sea 3. The Battle of Midway 4. Bataan Death March 1 2 3 4 Battle of the Coral Sea: May 7-8, 1942 BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA • The main Allied forces in the Pacific were Americans and Australians • In May 1942 they succeeded in stopping the Japanese drive toward Australia in the five-day Battle of the Coral Sea Allied Victories Turn the Tide The Allies sunk all four Japanese carriers and 250 planes at 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. the Battle of Guadalcanal. 2. the Bataan Peninsula. 3. the Battle of Midway. 4. the Solomon Islands. 1 4 THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY • Japan’s next thrust was toward Midway Island – a strategic Island northwest of Hawaii • Admiral Chester Nimitz, the Commander of American Naval forces in the Pacific, moved to defend the Island • The Americans won a decisive victory as their planes destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft carriers and 250 planes Battle of Midway Island: June 4-6, 1942 •The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the war – soon the Allies were island hopping toward Japan American got their first taste of jungle fighting in Japanese help territory in 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. The Battle of Guadalcanal 2. Battle of the Coral Sea 3. The Battle of Midway 4. Bataan Death March 1 4 http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=The+pacific+war+in+the+Pacific+historical+Background+part +1+of+2&oq=The+pacific+war+in+the+Pacific+historical+Background+part+1+of+2&gs_l=youtube.3...52953.8 6078.0.403453.78.69.0.2.2.5.94.3725.68.68.0...0.0...1ac.1.11.youtube.ZOjvqsRguvc Please Do Now • How did the Battle of Midway and the Battle of Guadalcanal change the course of war in the Pacific? Possible Answers • The losses sustained by Japan during the Battle of Midway prevented the Japanese from launching any further offensive operations in the pacific. • In the Battle of Guadalcanal, Americans conquered their first piece of Japaneseheld territory and controlled that air base Struggle for the Islands Allied Counter-Offensive: “Island-Hopping” “Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien Island Through their island-hopping strategy, the Allies put themselves in a position to 25% 25% 25% 2 3 25% 1. bomb Japan. 2. win the Battle of the Coral Sea. 3. retake Pearl Harbor. 4. defend China. 1 4 KAMIKAZE PILOTS ATTACK ALLIES • The Americans In the Battle for the Philippines, 424 Kamikaze pilots sank 16 ships and damaged 80 more continued leapfrogging across the Pacific toward Japan • Japanese countered by employing a new tactic – Kamikaze (divine wind) attacks • Pilots in small bombladen planes would crash into Allied ships Japanese Kamikaze Planes: The Scourge of the South Pacific Kamikaze Pilots Suicide Bombers Which of the following best describes Japanese kamikazes? 25% 1. 2. 3. 4. 25% 25% 2 3 25% one-man submarines that attacked American ships at Pearl Harbor guerrilla fighters who hid in caves on the Pacific islands bomb-loaded planes whose pilots deliberately crashed into targets guards at the prisoner-of-war camps operated by the Japanese 1 4 The Philippines Campaign Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the Philippines! [1944] Iwo Jima and Okinawa • General MacArthur and the Allies next turned to the Island of Iwo Jima • The island was critical to the Allies as a base for an attack on Japan • It was called the most heavily defended spot on earth • Allied and Japanese forces suffered heavy casualties IWO JIMA American soldiers plant the flag on the Island of Iwo Jima after their victory US Marines on Mt. Surbachi, Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945] THE BATTLE FOR OKINAWA • In April 1945, U.S. marines invaded Okinawa • The Japanese unleashed 1,900 Kamikaze attacks sinking 30 ships and killing 5,000 seamen • Okinawa cost the Americans 7,600 marines and the Japanese 110,000 soldiers The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project: Los Alamos, NM Major General Lesley R. Groves Dr. Robert Oppenheimer I am become death, the shatterer of worlds! Tinian Island, 1945 Little Boy Fat Man Enola Gay Crew Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb ATOMIC BOMB DEVELOPED • Japan had a huge army that would defend every inch of the Japanese mainland • So Truman decided to use a powerful new weapon developed by scientists working on the Manhattan Project – the Atomic Bomb The Decision to drop the Bomb INVADE JAPAN? • After Okinawa, MacArthur predicted that a Normandy type amphibious invasion of Japan would result in 1,500,000 Allied deaths • President Truman saw only one way to avoid an invasion of Japan . . . Okinawa The loss of life at Iwo Jima and Okinawa convinced Allied leaders that an invasion of Japan was not the best idea U.S. DROPS TWO ATOMIC BOMBS ON JAPAN • Truman warned Japan in late July 1945 that without a immediate Japanese surrender, it faced “prompt and utter destruction” • On August 6 (Hiroshima) and August 9 (Nagasaki) a B-29 bomber dropped Atomic Bombs on Japan The plane and crew that dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan August 9, 1945 NAGASAKI August 6, 1945 HIROSHIMA JAPAN SURRENDERS • Japan surrendered days after the second atomic bomb was dropped • General MacArthur said, “Today the guns are silent. The skies no longer rain death . . .the entire world is quietly at peace.” At the White House, President Harry Truman announces the Japanese surrender, August 14, 1945 Famous picture of an American soldier celebrating the end of the war THE OCCUPATION OF JAPAN • Japan was occupied by U.S. forces under the command of General MacArthur • During the seven- year occupation, MacArthur reshaped Japan’s economy by introducing free-market practices that led to a remarkable economic recovery • Additionally, he introduced a liberal constitution that to this day is called the MacArthur Constitution SECTION 5: THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE WAR • The war provided a lift to the U.S. economy • Jobs were abundant and despite rationing and shortages, people had money to spend • By the end of the war, America was the world’s dominant economic and military power Please Do Now What was the goal of A. Phillip Randolph’s march? What was the significance of CORE? Possible Answer • To end employment discrimination against Af Am. • Through its nonviolent seach for equality, CORE paved the way for the civil rights movement ECONOMIC GAINS • Unemployment fell to only 1.2% by 1944 and wages rose 35% • Farmers too benefited as production doubled and income tripled Please Do Now What challenges did women confront when taking jobs outside the home? What were some benefits of wartime jobs for women? Possible Answer Challenges • Women encountered hostile reactions from male workers, they earned much less then men doing the same jobs; they had to arrange child care while at work; and they had to maintain their household responsibilities in addition to working outside the home Possible Answer for Benefits • Promoted self-confidence and economic independence; it was interesting and challenging and gave them opportunities to work in fields that were not previously open to women WOMEN MAKE GAINS • Women enjoyed economic gains during the war, although many lost their jobs after the war • Over 6 million women entered the work force for the first time • Over 1/3 were in the defense industry Please do Now • Although women workers were recruited during the war, they were pressured to leave their jobs and return to domestic work once it ended. What underlying beliefs does this series of events suggest? POPULATION SHIFTS • The war triggered the greatest mass migration in American history • More than a million newcomers poured into California between 1941-1944 • African Americans again shifted from south to north Please Do Now • How did Mexican Americans contribute to the war effort through the BRACERO program and in other ways? Possible Answers • They joined the armed forces, worked in defense industries, and braceros worked primary on farms, but also in other industries GI BILL HELPS RETURNING VETS • To help returning servicemen ease back into civilian life, Congress passed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) • The act provided education for 7.8 million vets INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS • When the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in the U.S. – mostly on the West Coast • After Pearl Harbor, many people were suspicious of possible spy activity by Japanese Americans • In 1942, FDR ordered Japanese Americans into 10 relocation centers Japanese Americans felt the sting of discrimination during WWII Location of the 10 Internment camps Jerome camp in Arkansas U.S. PAYS REPARATIONS TO JAPANESE Today the U.S. is home to more than 1,000,000 JapaneseAmericans • In the late 1980s, President Reagan signed into law a bill that provided $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to a relocation camp • The checks were sent out in 1990 along with a note from President Bush saying, “We can never fully right the wrongs of the past . . . we now recognize that serious wrongs were done to Japanese Americans during WWII.” Nearly 59 years after the end of World War II, the National World War II Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., on Saturday, May 29, 2004 to honor the 408,680 Americans who died in the conflict Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”: Too Little, Too Late! V-1 Rocket: “Buzz Bomb” V-2 Rocket Werner von Braun The Code Breakers of WW II The Japanese “Purple” [naval] Code Machine Bletchley Park The German “Enigma” Machine