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WORLD WAR II
Americans at War
AMERICA
TURNS THE
TIDE
SECTION 1: MOBILIZATION OF
ARMED FORCES
• After Japan attacked Pearl
Harbor, they thought
America would avoid
further conflict with them
• The Japan Times
newspaper said America
was “trembling in their
shoes”
• But if America was
trembling, it was with rage,
not fear
• “Remember Pearl Harbor”
was the rallying cry as
America entered WWII
AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST
• After Pearl Harbor
five million
Americans enlisted
to fight in the war
• The Selective
Service expanded
the draft and
eventually
provided an
additional 10
million soldiers
The Selective Training and Service Act required military
service registration for all males between the ages of
1.
2.
3.
4.
74%
18 and 40.
21 and 36.
21 and 40.
18 and 56.
26%
0%
1
2
3
0%
4
The GI WAR
abbreviation of “Government
Issue”
1.
2.
3.
4.
96%
Liberty ship
victory garden
GI
GI JOE
0%
1
4%
0%
2
3
4
Diversity in the
Armed Forces
ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT
•
•
•
•
•
These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers
scored the highest marks ever on the
Officers exam in 1944
Despite discrimination at
home, minority populations
contributed to the war effort
1,000,000 African
Americans served in the
military
300,000 Mexican-Americans
33,000 Japanese Americans
25,000 Native Americans
13,000 Chinese Americans
Women in the
Military
WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT
• Army Chief of Staff
General George
Marshall pushed for
the formation of the
Women’s Auxiliary
Army Corps (WAAC)
• Under this program
women worked in
non-combat roles
such as nurses,
ambulance drivers,
radio operators, and
pilots
MOBILIZATION OF
SCIENTISTS
• In 1941, FDR created
the Office of Scientific
Research and
Development (OSRD)
to bring scientists into
the war effort
• Focus was on radar
and sonar to locate
submarines
• Also the scientists
worked on penicillin
and pesticides like
DDT
MANHATTAN PROJECT
• The most important
achievement of the
OSRD was the secret
development of the
atomic bomb
• Einstein wrote to FDR
warning him that the
Germans were
attempting to develop
such a weapon
• The code used to
describe American
efforts to build the
bomb was the
“Manhattan Project”
Preparing the Economy
for War
WAR PRODUCTION BOARD
• To ensure the troops
had ample resources,
FDR created the WPB
• The WPB decided
which companies
would convert to
wartime production
and how to best
allocate raw materials
to those industries
Why did President Franklin Roosevelt
create the Office of War Mobilization?
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. to replace the Office of
Price Administration
2. to centralize agencies
dealing with war
production
3. to build up wartime
morale
4. to reduce the
government’s role in war
production
1
4
A PRODUCTION MIRACLE
• Americans converted
their auto industry
into a war industry
• The nation’s
automobile plants
began to produce
tanks, planes, boats,
and command cars
• Many other industries
also converted to warrelated supplies
Instead of making cars, the Ford Motor
Company converted to making
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
2
3
25%
warships.
artillery.
bombers.
trucks.
1
4
Please do Now
• Why was military production so
important to winning the war?
Possible Answer
• Because winning the war would require
the United States to produce enough
military equipment to supply not only its
own vast forces, but also to make good
on the shortfalls of supply being
experienced by Britain, the Soviet
Union, and other allied nations
used to transport troops and
supplies
25%
25%
25%
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Liberty ship
victory garden
U-Boats
GI JOE
1
2
3
4
The Wartime Work
Force
LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION
• By 1944, nearly 18
million workers
were laboring in
war industries (3x
the # in 1941)
• More than 6 million
of these were
women and nearly
2 million were
minority
During the war, the most serious unionorganized strikes took place in the
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
2
3
25%
auto industry.
coal mines.
shipyards.
Willow Run
bomber plant.
1
4
Financing the War
There are only two ways our
government can collect money
• Taxes
• Selling of bonds
What is a bond?
Possible answer
• A Bond is simply an 'IOU' in which an investor
agrees to loan money to a company or
government in exchange for a predetermined
interest rate.
• In WWII to raise money, one of the governments
options was to borrow money from individual
investors. The government issues bonds at an
interest rate and sells them to the public. Investors
purchase them with the understanding that the
government will pay back their original principal
(the amount the investor loaned) plus any interest
that is due by a set date (this is called the
"maturity" date) or in our case the end of the war
To finance the war, the federal
government did all of the following except
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. launch bond
drives.
2. raise income
taxes.
3. use deficit
spending.
4. reduce corporate
profits.
1
4
BOND POSTERS OF WWII
BOND POSTER AND ACTUAL
WAR BOND
Daily Life on the
Home Front
Shortages and Controls
What prevented Americans from spending the
high wages they earned in wartime jobs?
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. shortages of
consumer items
2. fear of going into
debt
3. desire to save
money
4. inflated prices
1
4
The Office of Price
Administration
• Established by an executive order
• Main job was to control inflation by
limiting prices and rent
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
TAKES CONTROL OF
INFLATION
• With prices of goods
threatening to rise out
of control, FDR
responded by creating
the Office of Price
Administration (OPA)
• The OPA froze prices
on most goods and
encouraged the
purchase of war
bonds to fight
inflation
The OPA oversaw rationing
during the war
• The OPA assigned point values to items
sugar, coffee, meat, butter
• People got books of coupons that
represented points.
• When they were gone they could not
buy those items
WWII Poster
encouraging
conservation
Public Culture
With all the rationing, what did
people do for fun?
• Read books and magazines
• Bought songs for example “White
Christmas” by Irving Berlin
• Went to baseball games
(A League of Their Own)
• Went to the movies
Enlisting Public
Support
Betty Grable: Allied Pinup Girl
She Reminded Men What They Were Fighting
For
COLLECTION DRIVES
• The WPB also
organized nationwide
drives to collect scrap
iron, tin cans, paper,
rags and cooking fat
for recycling
• Additionally, the
OPA set up a
system of rationing
• Households had set
allocations of scarce
goods – gas, meat,
shoes, sugar, coffee
On the home front, popular
culture was characterized
by
25%
25%
25%
25%
1. weariness and low
spirits.
2. pessimism and
fear.
3. resentment and
hostility.
4. patriotism and
high morale.
1
2
3
4
SECTION 2: RETAKING
EUROPE
• Days after Pearl Harbor, British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill arrived at the White House and
spent three weeks working out war plans with
FDR
• They decided to focus on defeating Hitler first
and then turn their attention to Japan
Please do Now
• Why was the Atlantic Charter
significant?
Possible Answer
• It contained terms agreed to by Great
Britain and the US to govern war
behavior and define their aims
THE BATTLE OF THE
ATLANTIC
The power of the German submarines was
great, and in two months' time almost two
million tons of Allied ships were resting on
the ocean floor. Efforts were soon made to
restrict German subs' activities.
• After America’s entry into
the war, Hitler was
determined to prevent
foods and war supplies
from reaching Britain and
the USSR from America’s
east coast
• He ordered submarine
raids on U.S. ships on the
Atlantic
• During the first four
months of 1942 Germany
sank 87 U.S. ships
• In the first seven months of
1942, German U-boats sank
681 Allied ships in the
Atlantic
• Something had to be done
or the war at sea would be
lost
• First, Allies used convoys
of ships & airplanes to
transport supplies
• Destroyers used sonar to
track U-boats
• Airplanes were used to
track the U-boats ocean
surfaces
• With this improved tracking,
Allies inflicted huge losses
on German U-boats
ALLIES
CONTROL
U-BOATS
U-426 sinks after attack from the
air, January 1944. Almost twothirds of all U-boat sailors died
during the Battle of the Atlantic.
What was the main war strategy that
Roosevelt and Churchill first agreed on?
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. to concentrate on
chasing the Axis Powers
out of Africa
2. to concentrate on
fighting the Japanese in
the Pacific
3. to concentrate on
winning the war in
Europe
4. to defend Great Britain
against invasion
1
4
The North Africa Campaign:
The Battle of El Alamein, 1942
Gen. Ernst Rommel,
The “Desert Fox”
Gen. Bernard
Law
Montgomery
(“Monty”)
THE NORTH
AFRICAN FRONT
•
“Operation
Torch” – an
invasion of Axis controlled North Africa -was launched by
American General Dwight
D. Eisenhower in 1942
• Allied troops landed in
Casablanca, Oran and
the Algiers in Algeria
• They sped eastward
chasing the Afrika Korps
led by German General
Edwin Rommel
American tanks roll in the
deserts of Africa and defeat
German and Axis forces
Allied
troops
landed
in Casablanca,
Oran
and the
Algiers
After the Allies gained control of Africa,
what was their next target?
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
2
3
25%
France
Japan
the Pacific
Italy
1
4
THE INVASION OF ITALY
• The Italian Campaign got
off to a good start as the
Allies easily took Sicily
• At that point King
Emmanuel III stripped
Mussolini of his power and
had him arrested
• However, Hitler’s forces
continued to resist the
Allies in Italy
• Heated battles ensued and
it wasn’t until 1945 that
Italy was secured by the
Allies
The Battle for Sicily:
June, 1943
General
George S. Patton
The Italian Campaign [“Operation
Torch”] :Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”
y Allies plan
assault on
weakest Axis
area - North
Africa - Nov.
1942-May 1943
y George S.
Patton leads
American troops
y Germans
trapped in
Tunisia surrender over
275,000 troops.
Mussolini &
His Mistress,
Claretta
Petacci
Are Hung in
Milan, 1945
WAR IN THE
SOVIET UNION
Operation Barbarossa:
Hitler’s Biggest Mistake
THE EASTERN FRONT &
MEDITERRANEAN
Battle of Stalingrad was a huge
Allied victory
• Hitler wanted to wipe out
Stalingrad – a major
industrial center
• In the summer of 1942, the
Germans took the
offensive in the southern
Soviet Union
• By the winter of 1943, the
Allies began to see
victories on land as well as
sea
• The first great turning
point was the Battle of
Stalingrad
BATTLE OF
STALINGRAD
• For weeks the Germans pressed in on
Stalingrad
• Then winter set in and the Germans
were wearing summer uniforms
• The Germans surrendered in January of
1943
Wounded in the
Battle of Stalingrad
• The Soviets
lost more
than
1 million
men in the battle (more
than twice the number of deaths the U.S.
suffered in all the war)
Please do Now
• Why did the German invasion of the
Soviet Union succeed at first?
• What factors helped the Soviet army
defeat the Germans
Possible answers
• The intensity of the attack took the
Soviets by surprise
• During the retreat, the Soviets
destroyed any items that could be if use
to the Germans: the cold, harsh
weather; the vast size of the Soviet
Union
Battle of Stalingrad:
Winter of 1942-1943
German Army
Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
The Germans were finally halted in their
advance into the Soviet Union at
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. the Battle of the
Bulge.
2. the Kasserine
Pass.
3. the Battle of
Stalingrad.
4. Normandy.
1
4
TUSKEGEE
AIRMEN
• Among the brave men
who fought in Italy
were pilots of the allblack 99th squadron –
the Tuskegee Airmen
• The pilots made
numerous effective
strikes against
Germany and won two
distinguished Unit
Citations
On May 31, 1943, the 99th Squadron, the first group of African-American
pilots trained at the Tuskegee Institute, arrived in North Africa
THE ALLIED AIR
WAR
Bombing of Dresden
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqukS2Cl
Ms0
Please do Now
• What was the goal of carpet bombing?
• What advantages did carpet bombing
have over a conventional attack on
Germany?
Possible Answer
• To drop as many bombs over a wide
area, causing heavy damage
• Carpet bombing, along with more
precise American bombing, enabled the
allies to strike all over Germany with
lower risk of causalities
The complicated Allied invasion to take
Europe back from the Axis Powers began
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. on D-Day.
2. at the Battle of the
Bulge.
3. in Rome.
4. in the Soviet
Union.
1
4
THE INVASION OF
WESTERN EUROPE
D-DAY OR
OPERATION OVERLOARD
ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE
Allies sent
fake coded
messages
indicating
they would
attack here
• Even as the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on
a dramatic invasion of France
• It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the commander
was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S. &
British troops and was set for June 6, 1944
D-DAY JUNE
6, 1944
D-Day was an amphibious landing –
soldiers going from sea to land
• D-Day was the
largest land-sea-air
operation in
military history
• Despite air support,
German retaliation
was brutal –
especially at
Omaha Beach
• Within a month, the
Allies had landed
1 million troops,
567,000 tons of
supplies and
170,000 vehicles
OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44
Landing at Normandy
Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France
Losses
were
extremely
heavy on
D-Day
Please do Now
• How did the Allied decision to delay an
invasion of Western Europe and fight
instead in North Africa and Italy affect
the Soviet Union
Possible Answer
• The Soviet Union bore the heaviest cost
of fighting the Germans
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
Major Claus von
Stauffenberg
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
1. Adolf Hitler
2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel
3. Gen Alfred von Jodl
4. Gen Walter Warlimont
5. Franz von Sonnleithner
6. Maj Herbert Buchs
7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz
8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein
9. Col Nikolaus von Below
10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss
11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's
adjutant
12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured)
13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend
14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured)
LIBERATING
FRANCE
• By September 1944,
the Allies had freed
France, Belgium and
Luxembourg
• That good news – and
the American’s
people’s desire not to
“change horses in
midstream” – helped
elect FDR to an
unprecedented 4th
term
FRANCE
FREED
General George Patton (right)
was instrumental in Allies
freeing France
BATTLE OF THE
BULGE
“NUTS”
BATTLE OF THE
BULGE
• In October 1944,
Americans captured
their first German town
(Aachen)– the Allies
were closing in
• Hitler responded with
one last ditch massive
offensive
• Hitler hoped breaking
through the Allied line
would break up Allied
supply lines
BATTLE OF THE
BULGE
The Battle of the Bulge was
Germany’s last gasp
• The battle raged for a
month – the Germans had
been pushed back
• Little seemed to have
changed, but in fact the
Germans had sustained
heavy losses
• Germany lost 120,000
troops, 600 tanks and
1,600 planes
• From that point on the
Nazis could do little but
retreat
The Battle of the Bulge was
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
2
3
25%
the battle in which the least
number of American troops
fought.
the largest battle fought in
Western Europe during World
War II.
the largest battle ever fought
in the Soviet Union.
a minor World War II battle
compared to many others.
1
4
Please Do Now
• Explain why Stalingrad and the Battle of
the Bulge marked two different turning
points in the war?
Possible Answer
• Battle of Stalingrad: Turning point of war
in east; German surrender and loss
showed that Germany’s seemingly
unstoppable offense was over
• Battle of the Bulge: Battle resulted in
great German losses, after which most
Nazi leaders realized the war was lost
WAR IN EUROPE
ENDS
SOVIET FORCES ADVANCE
US & Russian Soldiers Meet at
the Elbe River: April 25, 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide
April 30, 1945
Cyanide & Pistols
The Führer’s Bunker
Mr. & Mrs. Hitler
ALLIES TAKE BERLIN; HITLER
COMMITS SUICIDE
• By April 25, 1945, the Soviet
army had stormed Berlin
• In his underground
headquarters in Berlin, Hitler
prepared for the end
• On April 29, he married his
longtime girlfriend Eva Braun
then wrote a last note in
which he blamed the Jews for
starting the war and his
generals for losing it
• The next day he gave poison
to his wife and shot himself
GERMANY
SURRENDERS
V-E Day, May 8, 1945,
marked
25%
25%
25%
25%
1. the start of the
largest landing by
sea in history.
2. the Allied attack on
North Africa.
3. the end of the war in
Europe.
4. the end of the war in
the Pacific.
1
2
3
4
V-E DAY
• General Eisenhower
accepted the
unconditional
surrender of the Third
Reich
• On May 8, 1945, the
Allies celebrated V-E
Day – victory in
Europe Day
• The war in Europe
was finally over
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
THE YALTA
CONFERENCE
Yalta: February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
y FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
y Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
y FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
y
YALTA AGREEMENTS
• 1) They agreed to divide Germany into 4 occupied zones
after the war
• 2) Stalin agreed to free elections in Eastern Europe
• 3) Stalin agreed to help the U.S. in the war against Japan
and to join the United Nations
After Germany surrendered,
the Allies 25%
decided
to
25%
25%
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
return it to the German
people.
divide it in two parts and
return one half to the German
people.
divide it in three parts, to be
governed by Britain, the
United States, and the
Soviets.
divide it in four parts, to be
governed by Britain, the
United States, the Soviets,
and France.
1
2
3
4
After World War II, what organization was formed on the
basis of the Atlantic Charter?
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. the Yalta Alliance
2. the United Nations
3. the League of
Nations
4. the Warsaw
Alliance
1
4
FDR DIES; TRUMAN
PRESIDENT
• President
Roosevelt did
not live to see
V-E Day
• On April 12,
1945, he suffered
a stroke and
died– his VP
Harry S Truman
became the
nation’s 33rd
president
SECTION 4: THE
WAR IN THE
PACIFIC
• The Americans did not
celebrate long, as
Japan was busy
conquering an empire
that dwarfed Hitler’s
Third Reich
• Japan had conquered
much of southeast
Asia including the
Dutch East Indies,
Guam, and most of
China
Just hours after they bombed Pearl
Harbor, the Japanese attacked
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. the Bataan
Peninsula.
2. Clark Field, an
American air base.
3. the north coast of
Australia.
4. the Mariana Islands,
a British stronghold.
1
4
Please do Now
• What was Japan’s military strategy
immediately after the attack on Pearl
Harbor
Possible Answer
• To continue in several different areas of
the pacific, before the United States
would have time to respond. In this
way, the Japanese hoped to gain
unrestricted access to territory in
Southeast Asia
The Philippines Fall
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans]
Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW
camps in the Philippines.
Bataan: British Soldiers
A
Liberated
British
POW
When the Japanese advanced against his
troops, General MacArthur was forced to
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. leave the
Philippines.
2. launch a bombing
attack on Japan.
3. surrender his ship.
4. attack Corregidor.
1
4
When the Japanese advanced against his
troops, General MacArthur was forced to
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. leave the
Philippines.
2. launch a bombing
attack on Japan.
3. surrender his ship.
4. attack Corregidor.
1
4
Defending China and
Burma
The Burma Campaign
General Stilwell
Leaving Burma, 1942
The “Burma Road”
The War at Sea
Battle that stopped Japan
from attacking
Australia
25%
25%
25%
25%
1. The Battle of
Guadalcanal
2. Battle of the Coral
Sea
3. The Battle of
Midway
4. Bataan Death
March
1
2
3
4
Battle of the Coral Sea:
May 7-8, 1942
BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA
• The main Allied forces in the Pacific were
Americans and Australians
• In May 1942 they succeeded in stopping
the Japanese drive toward Australia in the
five-day Battle of the Coral Sea
Allied Victories Turn
the Tide
The Allies sunk all four Japanese carriers
and 250 planes at
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. the Battle of
Guadalcanal.
2. the Bataan
Peninsula.
3. the Battle of
Midway.
4. the Solomon
Islands.
1
4
THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY
• Japan’s next thrust was
toward Midway Island –
a strategic Island
northwest of Hawaii
• Admiral Chester Nimitz,
the Commander of
American Naval forces
in the Pacific, moved to
defend the Island
• The Americans won a
decisive victory as their
planes destroyed 4
Japanese aircraft
carriers and 250 planes
Battle of Midway Island:
June 4-6, 1942
•The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the war –
soon the Allies were island hopping toward Japan
American got their first taste of jungle fighting in
Japanese help territory in
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. The Battle of
Guadalcanal
2. Battle of the Coral
Sea
3. The Battle of
Midway
4. Bataan Death
March
1
4
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=The+pacific+war+in+the+Pacific+historical+Background+part
+1+of+2&oq=The+pacific+war+in+the+Pacific+historical+Background+part+1+of+2&gs_l=youtube.3...52953.8
6078.0.403453.78.69.0.2.2.5.94.3725.68.68.0...0.0...1ac.1.11.youtube.ZOjvqsRguvc
Please Do Now
• How did the Battle of Midway and the
Battle of Guadalcanal change the
course of war in the Pacific?
Possible Answers
• The losses sustained by Japan during
the Battle of Midway prevented the
Japanese from launching any further
offensive operations in the pacific.
• In the Battle of Guadalcanal, Americans
conquered their first piece of Japaneseheld territory and controlled that air
base
Struggle for the Islands
Allied Counter-Offensive:
“Island-Hopping”
“Island-Hopping”: US Troops
on Kwajalien Island
Through their island-hopping strategy, the
Allies put themselves in a position to
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. bomb Japan.
2. win the Battle of
the Coral Sea.
3. retake Pearl
Harbor.
4. defend China.
1
4
KAMIKAZE
PILOTS ATTACK
ALLIES • The Americans
In the Battle for the Philippines, 424
Kamikaze pilots sank 16 ships and
damaged 80 more
continued leapfrogging
across the Pacific
toward Japan
• Japanese countered by
employing a new tactic
– Kamikaze (divine
wind) attacks
• Pilots in small bombladen planes would
crash into Allied ships
Japanese Kamikaze Planes:
The Scourge of the South Pacific
Kamikaze Pilots
Suicide
Bombers
Which of the following best describes
Japanese kamikazes?
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
2
3
25%
one-man submarines that
attacked American ships at
Pearl Harbor
guerrilla fighters who hid in
caves on the Pacific islands
bomb-loaded planes whose
pilots deliberately crashed into
targets
guards at the prisoner-of-war
camps operated by the
Japanese
1
4
The Philippines
Campaign
Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to
the Philippines! [1944]
Iwo Jima and
Okinawa
• General
MacArthur and
the Allies next
turned to the
Island of Iwo Jima
• The island was
critical to the
Allies as a base
for an attack on
Japan
• It was called the
most heavily
defended spot on
earth
• Allied and
Japanese forces
suffered heavy
casualties
IWO JIMA
American soldiers plant the flag on
the Island of Iwo Jima after their
victory
US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,
Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
THE BATTLE FOR OKINAWA
• In April 1945, U.S.
marines invaded
Okinawa
• The Japanese
unleashed 1,900
Kamikaze attacks
sinking 30 ships and
killing 5,000 seamen
• Okinawa cost the
Americans 7,600
marines and the
Japanese 110,000
soldiers
The Manhattan
Project
The Manhattan Project:
Los Alamos,
NM
Major General
Lesley R. Groves
Dr. Robert
Oppenheimer
I am become
death,
the shatterer
of worlds!
Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy
Fat Man
Enola Gay Crew
Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb
ATOMIC BOMB
DEVELOPED
• Japan had a huge
army that would
defend every inch of
the Japanese
mainland
• So Truman decided to
use a powerful new
weapon developed by
scientists working on
the Manhattan Project
– the Atomic Bomb
The Decision to
drop the Bomb
INVADE JAPAN?
• After Okinawa,
MacArthur
predicted that a
Normandy type
amphibious
invasion of Japan
would result in
1,500,000 Allied
deaths
• President Truman
saw only one way
to avoid an
invasion of
Japan . . .
Okinawa
The loss of life at Iwo Jima and Okinawa
convinced Allied leaders that an invasion
of Japan was not the best idea
U.S. DROPS TWO
ATOMIC BOMBS
ON JAPAN
• Truman warned
Japan in late July 1945
that without a immediate
Japanese surrender, it
faced “prompt and utter
destruction”
• On August 6
(Hiroshima) and August
9 (Nagasaki) a B-29
bomber dropped Atomic
Bombs on Japan
The plane and crew that dropped
an atomic bomb on Hiroshima,
Japan
August 9,
1945
NAGASAKI
August 6, 1945
HIROSHIMA
JAPAN SURRENDERS
• Japan surrendered
days after the second
atomic bomb was
dropped
• General MacArthur
said, “Today the guns
are silent. The skies
no longer rain death .
. .the entire world is
quietly at peace.”
At the White House, President Harry
Truman announces the Japanese
surrender, August 14, 1945
Famous
picture of
an
American
soldier
celebrating
the end of
the war
THE OCCUPATION OF JAPAN
• Japan was occupied by U.S. forces under the command of
General MacArthur
• During the seven- year occupation, MacArthur reshaped
Japan’s economy by introducing free-market practices that
led to a remarkable economic recovery
• Additionally, he introduced a liberal constitution that to this
day is called the MacArthur Constitution
SECTION 5: THE SOCIAL
IMPACT OF THE WAR
• The war provided a lift
to the U.S. economy
• Jobs were abundant
and despite rationing
and shortages, people
had money to spend
• By the end of the war,
America was the
world’s dominant
economic and military
power
Please Do Now
What was the goal of A. Phillip
Randolph’s march?
What was the significance of CORE?
Possible Answer
• To end employment discrimination
against Af Am.
• Through its nonviolent seach for
equality, CORE paved the way for the
civil rights movement
ECONOMIC GAINS
• Unemployment fell
to only 1.2% by
1944 and wages
rose 35%
• Farmers too
benefited as
production
doubled and
income tripled
Please Do Now
What challenges did women confront
when taking jobs outside the home?
What were some benefits of wartime jobs
for women?
Possible Answer Challenges
• Women encountered hostile reactions
from male workers, they earned much
less then men doing the same jobs;
they had to arrange child care while at
work; and they had to maintain their
household responsibilities in addition to
working outside the home
Possible Answer for Benefits
• Promoted self-confidence and economic
independence; it was interesting and
challenging and gave them
opportunities to work in fields that were
not previously open to women
WOMEN MAKE GAINS
• Women enjoyed
economic gains
during the war,
although many lost
their jobs after the war
• Over 6 million women
entered the work force
for the first time
• Over 1/3 were in the
defense industry
Please do Now
• Although women workers were recruited
during the war, they were pressured to
leave their jobs and return to domestic
work once it ended. What underlying
beliefs does this series of events
suggest?
POPULATION SHIFTS
• The war triggered the
greatest mass
migration in American
history
• More than a million
newcomers poured
into California
between 1941-1944
• African Americans
again shifted from
south to north
Please Do Now
• How did Mexican Americans contribute
to the war effort through the BRACERO
program and in other ways?
Possible Answers
• They joined the armed forces, worked in
defense industries, and braceros
worked primary on farms, but also in
other industries
GI BILL HELPS RETURNING
VETS
• To help returning
servicemen ease back
into civilian life,
Congress passed the
Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act (GI
Bill of Rights)
• The act provided
education for 7.8
million vets
INTERNMENT OF
JAPANESE AMERICANS
• When the war began,
120,000 Japanese
Americans lived in the
U.S. – mostly on the
West Coast
• After Pearl Harbor,
many people were
suspicious of possible
spy activity by Japanese
Americans
• In 1942, FDR ordered
Japanese Americans
into 10 relocation
centers
Japanese Americans felt the
sting of discrimination during
WWII
Location of
the 10
Internment
camps
Jerome camp in Arkansas
U.S. PAYS REPARATIONS
TO JAPANESE
Today the U.S. is home to
more than 1,000,000 JapaneseAmericans
• In the late 1980s, President
Reagan signed into law a
bill that provided $20,000
to every Japanese
American sent to a
relocation camp
• The checks were sent out
in 1990 along with a note
from President Bush
saying, “We can never
fully right the wrongs of
the past . . . we now
recognize that serious
wrongs were done to
Japanese Americans
during WWII.”
Nearly 59 years after the end of World War II,
the National World War II Memorial was
dedicated in Washington, D.C., on Saturday,
May 29, 2004 to honor the 408,680 Americans
who died in the conflict
Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”:
Too Little, Too Late!
V-1 Rocket:
“Buzz Bomb”
V-2 Rocket
Werner von Braun
The Code Breakers of WW II
The Japanese
“Purple” [naval]
Code Machine
Bletchley Park
The German “Enigma”
Machine