Download P3A3B Particles and Quanta Notes 2013

Physics 3A3B Notes 2013
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Coghlan
Particles and Quanta Notes
Four forces in nature
http://particleadventure.org/4interactions.html
Checked Aug 2013
1. Gravity - This force acts
between all _____________in
the universe and it has
_____________range. Mediated
by _____________ .
2. Electromagnetic - This
acts between electrically
_____________particles.
Electricity, _____________,
and light are all produced by
this force and it also has
_____________range. Mediated
by _____________ .
3. The Strong Force - This force binds _____________and protons
together in the _____________of atoms and is a _____________range
force. Mediated by _____________ .
4. Weak Force - This causes Beta decay (the conversion of a neutron
to a proton, an electron and an antineutrino) and various particles
(the "strange" ones) are formed by strong interactions but decay via
weak interactions.
Like the strong force, the weak force is also
_____________ range. Mediated by _____________ .
http://library.thinkquest.org/27930/forces.htm Checked Aug 2013
Subatomic Particles
http://particleadventure.org/quarks.html
http://particleadventure.org/standard-model.html
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The fundamental particles now consist of 6 _____________particles and
6 _____________particles. Other particles are made up of combination
of quarks. An electron is still a _____________particle.
The 6 lepton particles are the
_____________
(and the electron
neutrino), the _____________ (and the
muon neutrino) and the _____________ (and
the tau neutrino). All are particles
that are somewhat like electrons,
however, neutrinos differ from
electrons in that they have
_____________electric
charge and, as far
as we know today, zero _____________.
Most of the matter we see around us is
made from _____________and
_____________, which are composed of
_____________.
There are _____________quarks, but
physicists usually talk about them in terms of three pairs:
_____________, _____________, and _____________.
http://www.cpepweb.org/cpep_sm_large.html
Checked Aug 2013
Special Relativity
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpbGuuGosAY&feature=related Checked Aug 2013
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yB0vWbVviTg Checked Aug 2013
The laws of Physics apply equally in all inertial frames of
reference.
e.g.
Einstein’s two postulates
1.
All we can ever discuss is _____________speeds.
2.
The speed of light will always be the _____________from all
frames of _____________.
Physics 3A3B Notes 2013
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Time seems to depend on the _____________of reference in which it is
_____________- so the three dimensions constituting a frame of
reference are related to time, hence _____________.
Consequences

Time dilation - the faster the speed the _____________the time.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHjpBjgIMVk Checked Aug 2013
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHRK6ojWdtU Checked Aug 2013
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02tchltLm3c Checked Aug 2013

Length contraction - the faster the speed the _____________the
length.
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/specrel/lc.cfm Checked Aug 2013
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5nWLR3TxYo Checked Aug 2013

Relativistic mass - the faster the speed the _____________the
mass.

E
=
mc2
http://www.kcvs.ca/site/projects/specialRelativity.html Checked Aug 2013
- mass-energy equivalence relationship
Implications include _____________ and _____________ power sources.
Astronomical distance
Astronomical unit - the average sun-earth distance - approximately
150 million kilometers.
Light year - the distance light travels in one year - approximately
_____________ kilometers.
The universe and everything…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=buqtdpuZxvk Checked Aug 2013
About _____________ years ago a tremendous explosion started the
expansion of the universe. At the point of this event all of the
_____________ and _____________ of space was contained at
_____________ point. What existed prior to this event is completely
unknown and is a matter of pure speculation. The galaxies were not
Physics 3A3B Notes 2013
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all clumped together, but rather the Big Bang lay the _____________
for the universe.
The origin of the Big Bang theory can be credited to Edwin Hubble.
Since the Big Bang, the universe has been continuously _____________
and so there has been more and more _____________ between clusters of
galaxies. This phenomenon of galaxies moving farther away from each
other is known as the _____________ shift.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kg9F5pN5tlI Checked Aug 2013
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_theory.html
Checked Aug 2013
http://www.kcvs.ca/site/projects/physics_files/specialRelativity/relativisticMovingClock/movingClockDopplerEffectv7.swf
Checked Aug 2013
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dr-suQ1Y3JY Checked Aug 2013
Hubble’s law
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/cosmology/hubble_constant.html Checked Aug 2013
Hubble made the observation that the
_____________ is continuously
_____________. He discovered that a
_____________ velocity is proportional
its _____________. Galaxies that are
twice as far from us move twice as
fast. Another _____________ is that
the universe is _____________ in every
_____________.
Current value of Hubble’s constant = 71 km s-1 Mpc-1
where
Vgalaxy
=
Ho x d
vgalaxy ≡
recession velocity of
galaxy, km s-1
Ho
≡
Hubble’s constant
d
≡
distance to galaxy, Mpc (megaparsec)
Note: A parsec, pc, is the distance from the Earth
to an astronomical object which has a parallax angle of
one arcsecond. It is about 3.26 light years.
http://sci2.esa.int/interactive/media/flashes/2_1_1.htm Checked Aug 2013
to
Physics 3A3B Notes 2013
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Dark Matter and Dark Energy
http://nasascience.nasa.gov/astrophysics/what-is-dark-energy
http://particleadventure.org/beyond_start.html
http://www.particleadventure.org/unsolved-mysteries.html
If
_____________ is the force that holds a galaxy together, the mass
of the stars and planets is not
_____________ to generate enough
_____________, astronomers have postulated that there is much
_____________ matter that we cannot see –
universe has
there is
speeded up its
_____________ matter.
The
_____________ over time – apparently
_____________ energy which causes this.
70% of the
universe is dark energy, _____________ % dark matter and the
remaining 5%, matter.
Where we came from? .
.
.
.
.
. where we’re going to??
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wg1fs6vp9Ok Checked Aug 2013
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/mysteries_l1/origin_destiny.html Checked Aug 2013
The Universe, 14 billion years ago, BIG BANG, an explosion of
spacetime from a single point.
Our star, formed 5 billion years ago, has taken around 4 billion
years for quasi-intelligent live to emerge.
100 billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.
100 billion visible galaxies.
“There’s got to be intelligent life somewhere up in space because……”
There appears to be no end to the expansion of the universe – Big
Freeze, Big Rip, Big Crunch, Multiverse, Parallel Universes………
Click here
to finish