Download MWH Ch 4 Industrial Rev Nationalism

1800-1870
Coalbrookdale by Night by Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg
crop rotation
seed drill
enclosure
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and there are a few
factors we need to consider. One is the enclosure movement, when
small parcels of land were consolidated into larger parcels. This forced
small farmers into the cities, so Britain had a ready labor force. Then
there were innovations and inventions such as crop rotation and Jethro
Tull’s seed drill. Britain was producing more food to feed workers.
spinning jenny
James Watt
steam engine
flying shuttle
A number of inventions involving the processing of wool, then cotton
occurred (some of these inventions are shown here). These combined with
James Watt's steam engine (a reliable and efficient power machine) to
give birth to a revolution in technology which affects all of us today.
The Power Loom
Great factories began to arise in places like Liverpool and Manchester.
This created jobs for many people but conditions and pay were not good.
An English mill drawn in the 1840's and the same mill photographed in the 1970's.
Early factory workers migrated from rural areas to big cities seeking jobs.
Poor working conditions, labor strife, pollution and disease associated with
industrialism occurred also. Child workers were often used because they
demanded even less wages. Workers could be fired for any small infraction
of rules, and the workdays were long, hard, and noisy.
Biermeister & Wain Steel Forge by P.S. Kroyer
One important factor in Britain's Industrial Revolution was the abundance of
coal and iron in the country. These two resources provided the power and
strong materials for the mills. With advanced processes like puddling,
Britain was able to lead the world in iron production. Iron combined with
the coal for energy also gave Britain a new form of transportation…
The Rocket was an early locomotive capable of traveling at 30 mph.
Britain was blessed with abundant natural resources because the energy
source for the steam engine, coal, could be found nearby. In time other uses
were found for the steam engine, and soon the first locomotive trains came
into being. Soon Britain had a massive rail system which could transport
Materials and people around the country.
An early steamboat
The United States joined the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. Robert
Fulton built the first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807. The United States had
a great waterway in the Mississippi River and had a good canal system too.
By 1869 they had created the world’s first transcontinental railroad, which
made trade to Asia much quicker than before.
By the end of the 19th century some trains, such as the "999" steam
engine shown here, could reach a sustained speed of over 100 mph!
Trains and ships powered by steam began to dominate travel and to make
entire world accessible and easy to reach for the first time in world history.
Industrialized nations began to seek out new markets for their manufactured
products. This is why they began to turn to Imperialism.
- What conclusion can be
made about industrialized
areas in Europe?
Britain was the leading industrial
nation in the early and midnineteenth century, but countries
such as the United States
eventually surpassed Britain in
industrial production.
1. Comparing How did Britain’s
population growth, from 1830 to
1870 and 1870 to 1900,compare to
the United States’ growth? How did
Britain’s expansion in railroad
tracks compare to that of the
United States during the same
period?
2. Problem Solving Which country
had the highest percentage of
railroad track miles in comparison
to total square miles in 1870? In
1900?
London in the 19th century was bustling, but poverty lurked in many places.
Great Britain was the beneficiary of the Industrial Revolution. Many industrial
capitalists became wealthy and a new middle class emerged with people in
the legal and medical professions, and also in government. But the system
depended on an abundance of cheap labor and this created problems. The
condition of the typical workplace was unsafe, and poverty abounded. People
did not think about pollution so they air was chokingly bad and the water foul.
Reformers began to push a new economic idea called socialism.
Socialism is an economic system in which society, usually in the form of
the government, owns and controls important parts of the economy, such
as factories and utilities. In socialist theory, this public ownership of the
means of production would allow wealth to be distributed more equally to
everyone. Socialism was a response to the excesses of capitalists who
did not feel any responsibility toward workers. Early socialists such as
Robert Owen (shown above) created new socialist communities like New
Lanark in Scotland or New Harmony, Indiana. New Harmony failed.
“The first principle to be followed by the
monarchs, united as they are by the
coincidence of their desires and opinions,
should be that of maintaining the stability
of political institutions against the
disorganized excitement which has taken
possession of men’s minds. . . . The first
and greatest concern for the immense
majority of every nation is the stability of
the laws, and their uninterrupted action—
never their change. Therefore, let the
governments govern, let them maintain
the groundwork of their institutions, both
ancient and modern; for it is at all times
dangerous to touch them.”
Klemens Von Metternich, 1815
The monarchs of Europe met in Vienna after Napoleon’s defeat to see if they
could restore the old royal order from before the French Revolution; these
were the conservatives. Conservatives set up the principle of intervention.
This allowed the Great Powers of Europe to use military force to maintain it.
Other ideas emerged in this period like liberalism, which followed the ideas
found in the American Bill of Rights. In the long run the royals lost out to a
new force in Europe, Nationalism. Royals in France were overthrown, and
Belgium seceded from the Dutch Republic. Revolts occurred all over Europe.
The restored French monarchy was
overthrown in 1848 and for the first
time anyone (actually only men)
could vote. This is called universal
male suffrage. Who did the French
elect? Napoleon’s nephew LouisNapoleon. He set about to reduce
rights for the people.
That summer revolutions broke out
all over Europe. These were put
down but for the conservatives the
future looked bleak. Countries had
to make liberal reforms which gave
more rights to the people. Loosely
confederated countries like Italy &
Germany began to work towards
creating a national state.
“Capital is dead labor, which, vampire-like,
lives only by sucking living labor, and lives
the more, the more labor it sucks.”
From the upheavals of 1848 came an
influential philosopher named Karl Marx.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) lived in the 19th
century but played a big role in shaping
events in the 20th century. In 1848 Marx
published The Communist Manifesto,
which outlined his ideas for a more
equitable world where capitalistic
industrialists would be replaced by the
workers, or proletariat. His ideas had a
profound effect on the Russian
Revolution of 1917. Today a few
countries, like Cuba and North Korea,
follow Marx’s ideas.
“Wherever we may be, there will be Rome.”
Giuseppi Garibaldi
“An appeal to fear never finds an echo in
German hearts.”
Otto Von Bismarck
Italy’s unification was
accomplished by a number of
events. In 1849 King Victor
Emmanuel II became the King
of Piedmont in the North. He
had a smart prime minister
named Camillo di Cavour.
Cavour allied with either the
French or the Prussians to make
territorial gains.
Later ultra-nationalist Giuseppi
Garibaldi moved from the south
of the Italian peninsula with his
famous “Red Shirt” army. They
joined with Piedmont and a new
Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed
led by King Victor Emmanuel II.
As shown here, Germany
was a loose confederation of
Kingdoms. But nationalism
became an overriding factor
for Germans. Their leader
was Otto Von Bismarck, a
skilled practitioner of
realpolitik, using a
combination of war and
diplomacy to unify Germany.
In 1870 Bismarck fought a war
against France over the
Alsace-Lorraine region and
won easily. This would later
be A place of contention for
France in World War I. The
new country proclaimed Kaiser
Wilhelm I as its leader in 1871.
“A long suburb of red brick houses—
some with patches of garden ground,
where coal-dust and factory smoke
darkened the shrinking leaves, and
coarse rank flowers; and where the
struggling vegetation sickened and sank
under the hot breath of kiln and furnace
— a long, flat, straggling suburb passed,
they came by slow degrees upon a
cheerless region, where not a blade of
grass was seen to grow; where not a bud
put forth its promise in the spring; where
nothing green could live but on the
surface of the stagnant
pools, which here and there lay idly
sweltering by the black roadside.”
From The Old Curiosity Shop
by Charles Dickens
By the end of the 19th century
Romanticism emerged as a
an important cultural force in
Europe. The movement was a
reaction against the cold reason
of the Enlightenment.
Writers like Charles Dickens saw
the horrors of poverty in the
Industrial Revolution and wrote
about them. Romantics wished to
return to the “good old days” when
life was supposedly simpler.
A “Medieval” castle built in the 19th century
The following slides show some of
the artists, musicians, writers and
even scientists from the era. Be
ready for class discussion!
Mary Shelley (remember her mom?) was married to poet Percy Bysse Shelley.
She wrote Frankenstein to warn against the Enlightenment sciences going too
far. Was she wrong? By the mid 20th century humans could destroy the world!
Many things can be said about
Ludwig Von Beethoven. Perhaps
the best descriptor is “passion.”
What do you know about the man
and his music?
How many symphonies did
he write?
Which of his works is your favorite?
It was many and many a year ago,
In a kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there lived
whom you may know
By the name of Annabel Lee;
And this maiden she lived
with no other thought
Than to love and be loved by me.
I was a child and she was a child,
In this kingdom by the sea;
But we loved with a love
that was more than loveI and my Annabel Lee;
Poe’s work needs little explanation. The With a love that the winged seraphs
passage is from the poem Annabel Lee. of heaven coveted her and me.
Ivanhoe was one of the most popular books of the 19th century. Many
historians from this time were influenced by it as well. What do
you think this Romantic book is about?
Another popular author from the era was Charles Dickens. Who doesn’t
know about Scrooge and Tiny Tim? It’s more than a Christmas story
because Dickens was pointing out social injustice in his story.
Eugene Delacroix - Romantic
Gustave Courbet - Realist
Science - Pasteur
What is Louis Pasteur known for?
Science - Darwin
One reason Charles Darwin spent his life studying science was to understand
Why his children had so many birth defects. Darwin had married his cousin.
Assignment: Create the appropriate chart in your group to
Correspond with this chart. Add at least two more examples
From the chapter under each heading. Good Luck!
End of Slide Show