Download Taste

The Other Senses
Module 12
1
Sensation Overview
The Other Senses
 Hearing
 Touch
 Pain
 Taste
 Smell
 Body Position and Movement
2
Hearing / Audition
The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves
Sound waves are compressing and expanding air
molecules in the atmosphere.
3
Sound Wave
4
Frequency (Pitch)
Frequency
(pitch):
Determined
by the
wavelength
of sound.
5
Frequency of Sound Waves
• The frequency of a sound wave is
measured as the number of cycles per
second (Hertz)
– 20,000 Hz
– 4,186 Hz
– 1,000 Hz
–
100 Hz
–
27 Hz
Highest Frequency we can hear
Highest note on a piano
Highest pitch of human voice
Lowest pitch of human voice
Lowest note on a piano
6
Intensity (Loudness)
Intensity
(Loudness):
Amount of energy
in a wave,
determined by the
amplitude, relates
to the perceived
loudness.
7
Loudness of Sound
Richard Kaylin/ Stone/ Getty Images
120dB
8
70dB
Characteristics of Sound Waves
Maximum level of industrial
noise considered safe
Pain
Threshold
0
db
20
Whisper
Absolute
threshold
of human
hearing
40
60
80
Normal
conversation
Quiet
office
100
City
bus
Noisy
automobile
120
Loud
thunder
or rock
concert
140
160
180
Rocket
launch
Subway
9
The Ear
Dr. Fred Hossler/ Visuals Unlimited
Link Shepherds
ascending scale
10
11
Hairs in the inner ear
12
13
14
The Ear
Outer Ear/Pinna: Collects and sends sounds
to the eardrum.
Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and
cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer,
anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations
of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.
Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear,
containing the cochlea, semicircular canals,
and vestibular sacs.
15
Cochlea
Cochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the
inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to
auditory signals.
16
Transduction of Sounds
• The structures of the ear transform changes
in air pressure (sound waves) into vibrations
of the Basilar Membrane
• As the Basilar Membrane vibrates it causes
the hairs in the Hair Cells to bend
• The bending of the hairs leads to a change
in the electrical potential within the cell
17
Localization of Sounds
Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear
faster than the other ear cause us to localize the sound.
1. Intensity differences
2. Time differences
18
Audition
 Conduction Hearing Loss
 hearing loss caused by damage
to the mechanical system that
conducts sound waves to the
cochlea
 Nerve Hearing Loss
 hearing loss caused by damage
to the cochlea’s receptor cells or
to the auditory nerve
19
Audition

Amplitude required for
perception relative to
20-29 year-old group
Older people tend to hear low
frequencies well but suffer hearing
loss for high frequencies
1
time
10
times
100
times
1000
times
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16384
Frequency of tone in waves per second
20
Low
Pitch
High
Phonemic Restoration
Our Brains fill in for us
• Subjects asked to listen to a recording with
a transcript and indicate where the
recording was obscured by a cough.
• All subjects reported hearing the cough
• 19/20 said there was not missing text (the
one person got the wrong phoneme)
• Le(COUGH)latures
Link Auditory Illusions
21
22
Chemical and Body Senses
Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
Touch and temperature
Pain
Gustation (taste)
Olfaction (smell)
Kinesthetic (location of body)
Vestibular (balance)
23
Touch
Bruce Ayers/ Stone/ Getty Images
The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct
skin senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and
pain.
24
Rubber hand illusion Link 3.13
25
Pain
Pain tells the body that something has gone wrong.
Usually pain results from damage to the skin and
other tissues.
A rare disease exists in which the afflicted person
feels no pain.
AP Photo/ Stephen Morton
Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain
nor extreme hot or cold. Link 4:23 Link 1:39
26
Pain
• Nerve endings in body act as
nocioceptors
– Pain gates regulate pain signals in 3 areas
• Brain stem – gate-control theory of pain
• Spinal cord
• Peripheral regulation of pain
– Phantom limbs
• Up to 70% of amputees experience this
Ramachandran link for phantom limbs 9:24-17:43 27
Human Diversity: Culture
and Pain
• Bariba society – cultural emphasis on
pain
– Tolerate pain easily
– Calm response to pain is part of Bariba
pride
– Pregnant women don’t show labor pain
reaction, experience labor pain and birth
alone
28
Gate-Control Theory
Melzack and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our
spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that
either block pain or allow it to be sensed.
Gary Comer/ PhototakeUSA.com
29
Gate control
animation
30
Pain Control
Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies
including, drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise,
hypnosis, and even thought distraction.
Todd Richards and Aric Vills, U.W.
©Hunter Hoffman, www.vrpain.com
31
32
Taste
Traditionally, taste sensations consisted of sweet,
salty, sour, and bitter tastes. Recently, receptors for
a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami”.
Sweet
Sour
Taste link at Nova
Blocking bitter taste at Nova
Salty
Bitter
Umami
(Fresh
Chicken)
33
Receptor
cells
Pore
Surface
of tongue
Taste
Bitter
Sour
Salty
Sweet
and fatty
Sensory nerve fiber
34
Taste on TED
35
There are several types of papillae
36
Taste
• Your sensitivity to taste will decline if you:
– Smoke heavily
– Consume large amounts of alcohol
– Grow older
– Picky eating may be adaptive at PBS
37
Taste and Cognition
• What you THINK about a food can change
how you perceive it!
• $90 Btl. Wine rated as better than $10
wine….
• The twist….they were both the same wine
• Our taste experience is subjective.
“Studies have indeed shown that when wines are
tasted blind there is little correlation between a
wines taste and its cost, but that there is strong
correlation when the wines are not sampled blind.”
38
Link Beer tasting 5:26
Taste
• Culture and taste preferences:
http://http://www.travelchannel.com/TV_Shows/Bizarre_Foods
/Video/Andrew_Eats_Raw_Camel_Kidney_In_Ethiopia
http://www.travelchannel.com/TV_Shows/Anthony_Bourdain
39
Bouba - Kiki
40
Sensory Interaction
When one sense affects another sense, sensory
interaction takes place.
So, the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell
and its texture on the tongue to produce flavor.
Ramachandran on synesthesia
17:43 – 23:38
McGurk effect on Youtube
Synesthesia professor funk 4:37
41
So how might you test this…
• Do you see the triangle?
42
People with number color
synesthesia can much quicker than
you….
43
Smell/Olfaction
Like taste, smell is a chemical sense. Odorants
enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 million
receptors to sense smell. Unlike taste, there are
many different forms of smell.
44
Chemical Senses:
The Flavors and Aromas of
Life
• Olfaction
– Olfactory epithelium – top of nasal cavity
– Pheromone detection of sweat and urine
• Vomeronasal organ
• Influence human female reproductive cycles
• Inhalation of male sex hormone and mood
changes
• Males may respond to sex hormones
45
Olfactory nerve
to brain
Olfactory
epithelium
Nasal cavity
46
Age, Sex and Sense of
Smell
Number
of correct
answers
Women and young adults
have best sense of smell
4
Women
3
Men
2
0
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
Age Group
70-79
80-89 90-99
47
Smell and Memories
The brain region for
smell (in red) is closely
connected with the
brain regions involved
with memory (limbic
system).
That is why strong
memories are
associated with odor.
48
Body Position and Movement
The sense of our body parts’ position and
movement is called kinesthesis. The vestibular
sense monitors the head (and body’s) position.
http://www.heyokamagazine.com
Whirling Dervishes
Wire Walk
49
EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Edition in Modules)
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University,
Lahey, Amy Jones, Bernstein,
McGraw Hill w/ Garber edits
Worth Publishers, © 2008
50