Download Scott Ning

Scott Ning
HST 243-CTH 273
4 May 2010
Dr. Christopher Rogers
Midterm Exam
Section 1
1. Requerimiento:
Requerimiento is a Spanish term that means requirement and demand. The
Requerimiento was a written declaration of war and power used to control the
Americas. The Requerimiento, during the Spanish invasion and colonization in the
Americas during the early 1500s, ordered the people in the Americas to accept
Spanish rule and Catholic preaching. This preaching would involve the education,
and oftentimes conversion, of ideas in slavery, death, and war. Those who opposed
these ideas would be legally enslaved due to a workaround in the law.
2. Ultramontanism:
Ultramontanism is a Roman Catholic religious philosophy that deeply involves the
rights, choices, or powers of the Pope. It emphasizes the authority of Papal power
over other established governmental organizations or beliefs. In the 1600s, the Jesuits
grouped themselves with ultramontanism as they defended the Pope’s superiority
over organizations, councils, and kings. Later, the ultramontanist movement came
about and served as a balance to the powers of Europe. However, since the Pope has
superiority in the Church, Roman Catholics reasoned that other churches would be
more defenseless from the government. The movement ended during the late 1800s
after the Italian unification.
3. Maria Monk:
Maria Monk was a Canadian nun in the 19th Century who claimed to be sexually
used. Monk, or other writers, wrote a book about her experiences involving these
Ning /Midterm 2
sexual assaults. This book, Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk, told the secrets of the
events that happened to the nuns in the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph. It
revealed that priests in the neighboring seminary forced the nuns to have sex. If a
baby was born, it was baptized and then abandoned into a pit in the basement. Nuns
who refused this procedure disappeared. This book was published during the Irish
immigration to the United States, which added to the anti-Catholic hostility.
4. Nativism:
Nativism is a stance that involves favoring the ideas of the long-resided residents of
an area over the ideas of new immigrants. It is usually a form of opposition to
immigrants and is often used for lowering their political or legal status. These
discriminating efforts are due to the immigrants’ differences in ethnicity and culture.
Other examples were that German Americans were not to be trusted because of their
social structure and Catholics were not favored. This brought about restrictions in the
United States such as the Alien and Sedition Acts. These restrictions limited
immigrants such as the ones from France and Ireland to gain full political abilities and
rights; which became a problem due to their lack of voting ability and power during
political elections.
5. Tammany Hall:
Tammany Hall was a democratic political machine in New York that supported legal
and illegal Catholics. It dominated political affairs as well as offered help to the city’s
inhabitants, immigrants, slum dwellers, and families during emergencies. Because
these people were assisted in getting jobs and solving problems with the law, these
citizens would respond to the help by becoming involved with votes and elections.
Ning /Midterm 3
Tammany Hall was also a huge factor for the rise of the Irish in American politics.
The many Irish Catholics that arrived at New York were part of Tammany and voted
much more in exchange for food and money.
6. Knights of Labor:
The Knights of Labor, also known as the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights, was
one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th Century. It
offered a more reasonable approach for solving labor problems. Consisting of skilled
and unskilled workers, blacks, and women, the Knights of Labor made efforts to rid
child labor and eight-hour work days, to guarantee equal work-pay, and to solve other
labor problems. They were such a huge influence, that they shaped the popular notion
of class in American life. However, around the beginning of the 1900s, the Knights of
Labor reached its downfall and became practically extinct due to disputes,
mismanagements, or financial depletion.
Ning /Midterm 4
Section 2
Question 2:
In the beginning of the republican era, the American Catholic church only
consisted of a few Roman Catholics. The American Catholics were equally engaged as
the Protestants in influencing the nation’s people. However, much change towards the
American Catholic church came with the immigration of the Irish and the Germans.
During the mid-nineteenth Century, much of Ireland’s and Germany’s population
immigrated to the United States for better opportunities and to avoid severe hardships
such as economic unrest, unemployment, or Ireland’s potato famine. This massive stream
of immigration not only brought about social and labor change that affected almost every
city and person in America, but it drastically transformed the American Catholic Church.
American Catholics saw republicanism as an important entity of the nation and
they made a strong effort to establish a Roman Catholic Church in America. This
commitment started the American Catholic Church, which quickly grew through the
many years. Many American Catholics were attached to and supported the church;
however the church did not have enough members. With a limited amount of members,
the American Catholic Church continued to strive throughout the decades with the help
of leadership such as that from the Pope, John Carroll. He helped promote and guide the
church. However, His efforts were always hardships because of the influence from
republicanism and the American society. (Early American Catholics 4)
Pope Carroll continued his efforts in increasing the American Catholic Church’s
population by emphasizing his authority similarly to the Protestants, meeting the church’s
needs, and by the recruiting of priests from Europe and America. Due to his successful
Ning /Midterm 5
efforts, the amount of Catholics increased even before the great influence of the Irish and
German immigration, which would make the Catholics the largest group in the midnineteenth Century. (Early American Catholics)
Upon the large arrival of the Irish and German immigrants, Irish and German
roots, culture, and religious beliefs were brought to America. German immigrants
brought forth growth, and increased the members and the involvement of Catholics in the
American Catholic Church. Since these immigrants settled mainly on farmlands,
maintaining close ties with the Church was hard for them. However, at least two-thirds of
the German immigrants were Catholic. Due to these dedicated Catholics, the American
Catholic Church increased in its members.
Aside from the influence of the German immigrants, the Irish had an enormous
impact on the American Catholic Church. Since a majority of the Irish inhabited lands
that were in vicinity of the Church and spoke the native language, they had a good
advantage for setting up their new lives and contributing to the country. The Irish also
contributed to the American Catholic Church through the involvement and creating of
social events around the Church and the building of schools, hospitals, and other
societies. Since almost all of these Irish immigrants were Roman Catholic, the American
Catholic Church can be considered a product of the Irish Catholic Church. Therefore, the
Irish was a huge influence and factor to the Church’s growth. (The American Catholic
10)
Cardinal Paul Cullen also added to the Irish’s influence to the American Catholic
Church. He had thousands of Irish Priests go to America. He also inspired most of the
poor among the Irish, who rarely attended Church, to become more involved. His
Ning /Midterm 6
presence and efforts established more involvement with the church and God; more people
would make their marriages through the Church, more babies would be baptized, and
more people became priests and nuns. Therefore, from the influences of Cardinal Paul
Cullen and the Irish immigrants, the Catholic Church became distinctively “Irish” during
this era and Protestants became less content about the Irish’s religious, political, and
social influence of turning America into more of a Catholic country. (The American
Catholic)
Bibliography
1845, In. "The American Catholic." Welcome. Web. 03 May 2010.
<http://frterry.org/The%20American%20Catholic/Chapter2/The%20American%20Catholic%20Chap%20Two.htm>.
"Early American Catholics – FREE Early American Catholics Information |
Encyclopedia.com: Find Early American Catholics Research." Encyclopedia - Online
Dictionary | Encyclopedia.com: Get Facts, Articles, Pictures, Video. Web. 03 May 2010.
<http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2536600847.html>.
Ning /Midterm 7
Question 4:
During the mid to late nineteenth Century, Anti-Catholicism existed within the
United States. Many non-Catholics viewed the American Catholic Church with hostility
in terms of strong political, theological, and social reasons. These reasons were due to the
many changing factors of the American Catholic Church such as the immigration of
German and Irish Catholics, the increase in the Church’s members and Church’s
influence to the nation, and the Irish domination in the Church. Therefore, the American
Catholic Church quickly grew. Because of these effects and reasons, non-Catholics,
mainly Protestants, assimilated a strong sense of hostility towards the American Catholic
Church.
Protestants disliked the influence of the American Catholic Church. One of the
major causes of this great influence was the Irish and German immigration. The
immigration of German and Irish Catholics lead to an intense increase in the amount of
Catholics in the American Catholic Church and American nation, which made the
Catholics the largest group in the mid-nineteenth Century. Protestants viewed this
increase in Catholics as a form of invasion; Catholics are not only spreading, but are seen
to be dominating the important and historical American territory that these Protestants
inhabit and share. Therefore, these concerns caused psychological effects that raised the
Protestant’s hostile attitudes towards the American Catholic Church.
The Catholic Church’s growth from the Irish inspired much religious engagement
within the nation. Actions such as the increase of Church marriages, baptized babies, and
priests and nuns also added to the psychological concerns of the non-Catholics. The
American Catholic Church was becoming more powerful and rapidly popularizing; it
Ning /Midterm 8
impacted many of the nation’s people and became part of many people’s lives. Therefore,
from the influences of the Irish immigrants, the Catholic Church became distinctively
Irish during this era and Protestants became less content about the Irish Catholic’s
religious, political, and social influence of turning America into more of a Catholic
country.
The Irish Catholic’s dominance motivated specific groups of politics within the
nation. Since many of these groups of people favored and supported the Democratic
Party, they were seen to be a nuisance to non-Catholics. Some of the Irish Catholics also
became leaders in the Democratic Party. This contributed to the Catholic’s active
participation in politics, increased votes, and rise of democrats. Because of the effects in
politics in the country, non-Catholics were bitter about the American Catholic Church
and its members. Therefore, non-Catholics were continuously hostile towards these
Catholics throughout the nineteenth Century.
Towards the beginning of the twentieth Century, the United States still had a large
population of Catholics. However, hostility towards these Catholics were still strongly
present; not only was anti-Catholicism still in existence during this time, but it was very
widespread. These prejudices were evident from groups such as the anti-Catholics or the
Ku Klux Klan. Many of these non-Catholics believed that Catholicism was not
compatible with democracy and Catholic schools resulted in Catholics rejecting
American values and lifestyles. Therefore, the non-Catholics still possessed signs of
intolerance toward the American Catholic Church. Even from the mid to the end of the
nineteenth Century, hostility towards the American Catholic Church from non-Catholics
continued its existence.
Ning /Midterm 9
Section 3
The cartoon shows an image of a gathering of many people, possibly Catholic or
Christian immigrants (due to their possession of the cross and rosary), surrounding a
higher entity, a monarchy. This higher entity, presumably a pope, shows his authority and
papal powers through the massive height difference (doubling everyone’s height) and the
hat that he is wearing. The pope seems extremely irritated because the majority of the
public is fiercely rejecting orthodox ideas by fiercely kicking a bible, protesting with
flags, and possessing cross necklaces and carrying rosaries. Therefore, this illustration
demonstrates a perspective on a reformation movement or idea.
The illustrator is demonstrating a rally or marching event that portrays immigrant
people rejecting religious ideas. The flags and kicking of the bible signify religious
tolerations; the flags may represent the idea of disallowing people in their nation and the
idea of these people immigrating elsewhere, a place that the flag locates or represents.
These people are forced to migrate to other areas with more religious tolerance. The
portrayal of public schools in the background also signifies the establishment of public
schools and its importance within the government. This represents the conflict between
the public and Catholic schools. The conflict, according to a Protestant’s perspective,
relates to the idea of Catholic schools not teaching American values.
This image significantly shows a religious outrage that took place during the
reformation. The illustrator depicts how the vast population acted or felt during those
times. The image shows the existence of ultramontanism and papal powers, government
powers, and the immigrants’ powers. These three different groups existed in the same
time and were both confined and in conflict with each other. Therefore, the illustrator
Ning /Midterm 10
demonstrated these powers and the groups’ ideas in one combined event during the
reformation.
Section 4
A Dominican priest, Father Bartolomé de Las Casas, wrote this document in
1542. The document is entitled “Of the Island of Hispaniola” and speaks against the
enslavement and the harsh treatments of the Natives. Father Bartolomé, having
participated in the same voyage as Christopher Columbus, witnessed the encounters and
the happenings of the Spaniards with the Natives. Sickened by the brutal treatment
toward the Natives, he wrote and described the criminal and unnatural activities that
occurred.
Father Bartolomé, referring to people and especially to the Natives, states that
God created every individual in great terms such as simple, unique, faithful, patient, and
peaceful. However, once the Spaniards arrived and encountered the Natives, horrible
situations aroused. These Spaniards are described as intense and horrid beasts, “like
wolves, tiger, and lions which had been starving for many days;” they cruelly and
violently destroyed and tormented the Indians in ways that were never “seen, nor heard
of, nor read of.” The Christians viciously slaughtered and “spared neither the children,
nor the aged, nor pregnant women, nor those in child labour.”
This document demonstrated the intense inhumane acts brought forth by the
arrival of the Spaniards. Father Bartolomé wanted to express his feelings about these
drastic happenings and show or make people realize the animal nature of the Spaniards.
He contrasted the Spaniards’ relationship between the Natives as animals that assaulted
Ning /Midterm 11
many “lambs herded in their sheepfold.” Father Bartolomé also incorporated religious
thought into this context by relating the case of burning Indians alive with the similar
case of the “reverence of our Redeemer and the twelve Apostles,” Jesus Christ. Because
of these demonstrations and relations used, Father Bartolomé’s document significantly
expressed his views and concerns about the happenings that the Spaniards are bringing to
the Americas. He wants to reveal to the public the Spaniard’s sick bringing to the
Americas.