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What happened to you as a gene? For human oral cancer more than 63 karyotypes have been described. Among them recurrent loss of chromosome 9, 13, 18 and Y deletions are more commonly reported than others. Among other notable cytogenetic alterations cellular oncogenes B-cell lymphoma-1, int-2 and hst which have been mapped to chromosome Iq, are important as lead to activation of the oncogenes located in these bands and is associated with carcinogenesis. Approximately two-third of all head and neck cancer cells contain a deleted region located in chromosome which appears in dysplastic and carcinoma-in-situ lesions, thereby suggesting that gene in this region is knocked out early in carcinogenesis. Chromosomal region in 3p and 13q also contain regions frequently deleted and may yield new TSGs or oral carcinogenesis. What caused your mutation? This damage can cause certain genes, those in charge of starting or stopping cell growth to malfunction. But inherited oncogene or tumour suppressor gene mutations are not believed to cause very many cancers of the oral cavity or oropharynx. Some oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers have no clear cause. What effects does your cancer have on your host’s body? In the early stages, oral cancer can be simply unpleasant, as it causes mouth discomfort and pain. However, if left untreated, certain types of oral cancer can spread to other parts of the body and become even more dangerous. For example, one type of oral cancer, malignant melanoma, has a much higher rate of metastasis (spreading to other areas of the body) than does another type of oral cancer, squamous cell carcinoma. If you have symptoms of oral cancer, you should see your doctor right away, as there is a higher probability that your doctors will be able to get rid of the cancer if they find it early. Oral cancer, which usually begins with a sore on your lips, tongue, or the inside your mouth, can affect other parts of your body as well. Some symptoms include: ◦ pain and discomfort in your jaws, throat, and ears ◦ bleeding in your mouth ◦ weakness or numbness in your face, mouth, or neck ◦ sores on your mouth, face, and throat ◦ problems with chewing or swallowing ◦ hoarseness and other changes in your voice How was the host’s life affected? What was their story? Eating Eating right can be hard for anyone, but it can get even tougher during and after cancer treatment. This is especially true for cancers of the head and neck, such as oral cancer or oropharyngeal cancer. The cancer or its treatment may affect how you swallow or cause dry mouth, changes in taste, or other problems. Nausea can be a problem from some treatments. You may not feel like eating and lose weight when you don’t want to. If treatment caused weight changes or eating or taste problems, do the best you can and keep in mind that these problems usually get better over time. You may find it helps to eat small portions every 2 to 3 hours until you feel better. One of the best things you can do after cancer treatment is put healthy eating habits into place. You may be surprised at the long-term benefits of some simple changes, like increasing the variety of healthy foods you eat. Getting to and staying at a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet, and limiting your alcohol intake may lower your risk for a number of types of cancer, as well as having many other health benefits. Lower my risk of the cancer progressing or coming back? Most people want to know if there are specific lifestyle changes they can make to reduce their risk of their cancer progressing or coming back. For many cancers there is little solid evidence to guide people. This doesn’t mean that nothing will help — it’s just that for the most part this is an area that hasn’t been well studied. Most studies have looked at lifestyle changes as ways of preventing cancer in the first place, not slowing it down or preventing it from coming back. Tobacco and alcohol use have clearly been linked to oral cancer and oropharyngeal cancers, so not smoking or drinking may help reduce your risk of the cancer returning. Smoking during treatment also causes treatment to be less effective, so if you smoke, it is very important to quit. Quitting will reduce your chance of developing other new cancers (especially other head and neck or lung cancers), which is a serious problem among oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer survivors. Quitting can also help improve your appetite and your overall health. How is the cancer treated? Oral and oropharyngeal cancer can often be cured, especially if the cancer is found at an early stage. Although curing the cancer is the primary goal of treatment, preserving the function of the nearby nerves, organs, and tissues is also very important. When doctors plan treatment, they consider how treatment might affect a person’s quality of life, such as how the person feels, looks, talks, eats, and breathes. There are 3 main treatment options for oral cancer: surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Descriptions of these common treatment options are listed below. Treatment options and recommendations depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, possible side effects, and the patient’s preferences and overall health. One of these therapies, or a combination of them, may be used. 1. Surgery is the removal of the tumour and some surrounding healthy tissue, known as a margin, during an operation. A surgical oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer using surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove all of the tumour and leave negative margins, which means that there is no trace of cancer in the healthy tissue. Sometimes surgery is followed by radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both. Depending on the location, stage, and pathology of the cancer, some people may need more than 1 operation to remove the cancer and to help restore the appearance and function of the affected tissues. 2. Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to destroy cancer cells. A doctor who specializes in giving radiation therapy to treat cancer is called a radiation oncologist. A radiation therapy regimen (schedule) usually consists of a specific number of treatments given over a set period of time. Radiation therapy may be the main treatment for oral cavity cancer, or it can be used after surgery to destroy small areas of cancer that could not be removed. 3. Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, usually by stopping the cancer cells’ ability to grow and divide. Chemotherapy is given by a medical oncologist. Systemic chemotherapy gets into the bloodstream to reach cancer cells throughout the body. Common ways to give chemotherapy include an intravenous (IV) tube placed into a vein using a needle or in a pill or capsule that is swallowed (orally). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4065477/ "Genes and oral cancer." US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2017. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/aftertreatment/lifestyle-changes.html "Lifestyle Changes After Having Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer." American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society, Inc., n.d. Web. 2 May 2017. http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/oral-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/treatment-options