Download The Memory Process

Memory
The persistence of learning over time through
the storage and retrieval of information.
Take out a piece of paper…..
• Number from 1 to 20.
• I will show you a slide with 20 items on it for
40 seconds.
• When 40 seconds are up I will switch to the
next slide and then you may start writing
down as many as you can remember.
• Put your pencils down…
• Here we go!
• How many did you remember?
• Did you use any strategies to help
you remember more of them?
The Memory Process
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
Encoding
• The processing of information into the memory system.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girl’s name at a party
Storage
• The retention of encoded material over time.
Pressing Ctrl S and
saving the info.
Trying to remember her
name when you leave the
party.
Retrieval
• The process of getting the information out of
memory storage.
Finding your document
and opening it up.
Seeing her the next day
and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Encoding
Getting the information into our heads
How do you encode the info you read in our text?
Two ways to encode information
• Automatic Processing
• Effortful Processing
Automatic Processing
• Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
• You encode space, time and word meaning
without effort.
• Things can become automatic with practice.
For example, if I tell you that you are a jerk,
you will encode the meaning of what I am saying
to you without any effort.
Effortful Processing
• Encoding that requires attention and conscious
effort.
• Rehearsal is the most common effortful
processing technique.
• Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful
becomes automatic.
Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve
• Hermann Ebbinghaus
(conducted pioneering
memory studies).
• The more time he
rehearsed a list on the
first day, the less time it
took to relearn it on the
second day!
Take out a piece of paper…..
• Number from 1-44 on your paper.
• Name all of the U.S. Presidents.
The Presidents
Washington
J.Adams
Jefferson
Madison
Monroe
JQ Adams
Jackson
Van Buren
Harrison
Tyler
Polk
Taylor
Fillmore
Pierce
Buchanan
Lincoln
A.Johnson
Grant
Hayes
Garfield
Arthur
Cleveland
Harrison
Cleveland
McKinley
T.Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
Harding
Coolidge
Hoover
F.D.Roosevelt
Truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy
L.Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Reagan
Bush
Clinton
Bush Jr.
Obama
Serial Position Effect
• Our tendency to recall the last and first
items in a list.
Presidents
Recalled
If we graph what an average person remembers from the
presidential list - it would probably look something like this.
Primacy and Recency Effects
• Primacy effect – recalling
the items near the beginning
of a list.
• Recency effect – recalling
the items at the end of a
list.
Spacing Effect
• We encode better
when we study or
practice over time.
• DO NOT
CRAM!!!!!
Encoding exercise
Encoding Meaning
• Semantic Encoding: the encoding of
meaning, like the meaning of words
(most effective).
•Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of
sound, especially the sounds of words.
•Visual Encoding: the encoding of
picture images (what the word looks
like / least effective).
Ways to Remember or Encode Things
• Chunking: Organizing
items into familiar,
manageable units.
• Mnemonic devices:
(memory aids) (like the
“peg-word system” or
the “method of loci”).
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9N
ROegsMqNc
• Rehearsal: repetition,
repetition, etc.
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
“Foolish Moms Smoke POT."
Storage
How we retain the information we encode.
3 Types of Storage
• Sensory Memory
• Short-Term Memory
• Long-Term Memory
Three Box Model of Memory
1.) Sensory Memory
• A brief, initial coding of
sensory info into the
memory system. (Less
than ½ a second).
• Iconic Store: a brief
visual memory.
• Echoic Store: a brief
auditory memory.
2.) Short-Term/Working Memory
• Contains info you are
consciously aware of
before it’s stored or
forgotten.
• Holds about 7 (plus or
minus 2) items for about
20 seconds.
• There tends to be rapid
decay of info unless you
rehearse.
Take out a piece of paper…..
• I will show you a series of slides with an
increasing amount of numbers on each slide.
• I will show each slide for 8 seconds.
• When the slide is switched you may try and
write down as many of the numbers as you
can.
9754
68259
913825
5963827
86951372
719384273
9152438162
15284673184
517398263807
6940382415968
3.) Long Term Memory
• Unlimited, relatively
permanent storehouse
of information.
• Brain damage can
destroy this ability.
• Like the hard drive on
your computer.
Long-Term Memory
• We have yet to find the limit
of our long-term memory.
• For example, Rajan
Mahadevan was able to recite
31,811 digits of pi.
• At 5 years old, Rajan would
memorize the license plates
of all of his parents’ guests
(about 75 cars in ten
minutes). He still remembers
the plate numbers to this day.
Superior Autobiographical Memory
• When you can remember
every detail of every day of
your adult life.
• Marilu Henner.
Flashbulb Memories
• A vivid, clear memory
of an emotionally
significant moment or
event.
Memory and the Brain
Long-Term Potentiation:
• Is the long-lasting enhancement
in signal transmission between
two neurons.
• In other words…they learn to
fire together and get better at
it…creating a memory.
• When learning occurs, more
serotonin is released into the
synapses.
2 Types of Long-Term Memory
1.) Explicit Memories
• Memories of experiences.
• Memories of Facts.
2.) Implicit Memories
• Memories of Skills & Procedures.
• Conditioned Memories.
The Hippocampus
• Is involved in storing
explicit memories.
• Damage to the
hippocampus disrupts
our storing of explicit
memories.
• A form or amnesia.
• The Cerebellum is
involved in storing
implicit memories.
Retrieval
How do we recall the information
we thought we remembered?
Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!
Recall vs. Recognition
Recall
• You must retrieve the
information from your
LT memory.
• Fill-in-the blank or
essay tests.
Recognition
• You must pick the
correct answer from a
list of choices.
• Multiple-choice tests.
The Context Effect
• Enhanced ability to
retrieve info when you are
in an environment similar
to the one in which you
encoded the info.
• Mood Congruent Memory.
• State Dependent Memory.
Retrieval Cues
• Things that help us
remember.
•Priming (the activation
of associations in our
memory) helps us
retrieve information.
Priming
Free recall activity…
• I will show you a series of slides with a word
on each slide.
• After I have shown you ALL the slides try
and write down as many of the words as you
can remember.
• Ready?
Rest
Snore
Sound
Tired
Bed
Comfort
Awake
Eat
Wake
Dream
Slumber
Night
Last
• Take 2 minutes to write down as many of the
words as you can.
• How many remembered the word AARDVARK?
• How many remembered the word SLEEP?
• Neither word was on the list!
Déjà Vu
• That eerie sense that you
have experienced
something before.
• What is occurring is that
the current situation cues
past experiences that are
Is déjà vu really a
glitch in the Matrix? very similar to the present
one - your mind gets
confused.
Forgetting: an increase in errors when trying
to recall information.
Encoding Failure:
Not getting info into LT Memory
Test Your Memory
Which is the real penny?
Storage Failure
• Even if we encode
something well, we can
forget it.
• Without rehearsal, we
forget things over
time.
• Remember Hermann
Ebbinghaus?
Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
Retrieval Failure
• The memory was encoded and stored, but
sometimes you just cannot access the memory
(like the Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon).
Forgetting: Interference Theory
• Retroactive
Interference: new
information blocks out
old information.
• Proactive
Interference: old
information blocks out
new information.
Getting a new bus
number and
forgetting old
bus number.
Calling your new girlfriend by old
girlfriends name.
Mnemonic for the Interference Theory
• PORN
• Proactive.
• Old info blocking out new info.
• Retroactive.
• New info blocking out old info.
Motivated Forgetting
• We sometimes revise our own histories.
Honey, I did stick to my diet today!!!!!!
Motivated Forgetting
Why does is exist?
One explanation is
REPRESSION:
• In Frued’s psychoanalytic
theory, the process of moving
anxiety producing memories
to the unconscious mind.
Memory Construction
• We sometimes alter
our memories as we
encode or retrieve
them.
• Your expectations,
schemas, and
environment may alter
your memories.
Misinformation Effect
• Incorporating misleading information
into one’s memory of an event.
It would be like if my parents told me for years that I met Jerry West.
I have the memory - but it never happened!!!
Misinformation Effect
Depiction of Accident
Misinformation Effect
Leading Question: About how fast were the
cars going when they smashed into each other?
Children’s Recall and Recovered Memories
• Young children’s memories are
subject to suggestibility..
• Children’s memories grow more
accurate with age.
• Reports of recovered memories
(adult memories, often of
physical and sexual abuse
suffered as children) are
controversial.