Download Chapter 9 Key Issue 1

Chapter 9 Key Issue #1
Essential Question? Why Does
Development Vary Among
Countries?
Development:
Process of improving
the material conditions
of people through
diffusion of knowledge
and technology.
Two groups
1. More developed (MDC) - AKA
Relatively Developed or Developed
Country
2. Less Developed (LDC) - AKA
Developing Country
These are usually
clustered in different
spaces.
Questions to ask-???
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•
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Why are some regions
more developed than
others?
What are LDC’s doing
to become MDC’s?
HDI

UN selects factors that best reveal the
country’s level of development
• economic factors (GDP per capita)
• social factors literacy rate & amount of
education
• one demographic factor (Life Expectancy)

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Since 1990, these 4 factors are combined
to produce a country’s HDI
Highest possible HDI is 1.0 or 100
percent
HDI - Economic Factors
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GNI (Gross National income)– value of the total
output of goods and services in a country in a
year, including money that leaves and enters
the country
PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) – adjustment
made to the GNI to account for differences
among countries in the cost of goods
• EX: US GNI = $15 Trillion/312 million (pop)

The result shows the average amount of
income/standard of living associated w/ the
country (aka development)
HDI – Economic Factors
• Types of jobs
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Primary sector – directly extract materials from
earth
Secondary sector – manufacturing of products
Tertiary sector – provision of goods and services
• Productivity
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Measured by the value added per capita
MDCs are more productive than LDCs
• Consumer goods – amount
produced/consumed in a country shows
development
What Do We Mean By
Development?

The three objectives of
development
• increases in availability and
improvements in the distribution of
food, shelter, health, protection, etc.
• improvements in ‘levels of living,’
including higher incomes, more jobs,
better education, etc.
• expansions in the range of economic
and social choices available to
individuals and nations
Measuring Development
United Nations Development Program Overview
2005
Click for Animated Graphs
 Economic Indicators
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
• Types of Work (Economic Sectors)

Social Indicators
• Education and Literacy
• Health and Welfare

Demographic Indicators
• Life Expectancy (37 - 80 years)
• Infant Mortality (<10 - >100 per thousand)
• Natural Increase (0 - 4.7 %)
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% of people working in agriculture
exceeds 75% in most LDC’s of Africa &
Asia
Anglo-America and most of Western
Europe is less than 5% of people working
in Agriculture
MDC usually has limited farmers
producing enough food for the society so
others can be free to contribute in the
national wealth by working in the
secondary and tertiary sectors
Productivity
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The value of a
particular product
compared to the
amount of labor
need to make it
Workers in MDC’s
are more
productive and
produce more with
less effort
WHY??????
Raw Materials


Such as minerals,
trees, oil
Must have energy
to operate the
factories
• Hydroelectricity,
coal, oil, natural gas,
uranium

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Europe had an
abundant amount of
coal and iron ore
but ran short of raw
materials
What did they
do???
Consumer Goods
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Consumer goods and services are
luxuries such as car, telephones,
computers, entertainment.
A good indicator of a society's
development is
• motor vehicles (access to jobs and services
and permit business to distribute their
products)
• Telephones (enhance communications with
suppliers and customers of goods and
services)
• Televisions (provide exposure to activities in
different locations)
Chapter 9 Key Issue 2/3
Why does development vary
by gender?
Why does development vary by
gender?

“A country’s overall level of
development can mask inequalities
in the status of men and women”
-Rubenstein 2011.
Past Measurements Used

UN created the GDI (GenderRelated Development Index)
• compares the level of development
of women with that of both sexes

GEM (Gender Empowerment
Measure)
• compares the ability of women and
men to participate in economic and
political decision making
Past Measurements Used
• Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
– Compares the level of women’s development with
that of both sexes
– Four measures (similar to HDI):
• Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per
capita incomes
• Number of females enrolled in school compared to the
number of males
• Percent of literate females to literate males
• Life expectancy of females to males
Past Measurements Used
• Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
– Compares the decision-making capabilities of men
and women in politics and economics
– Uses economic and political indicators:
• Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per
capita incomes
• Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women
• Percentage of administrative jobs held by women
• Percentage of women holding national office
Current Measurements Used

Gender Inequality Index (GII)
• GII replaced the former
statistics/measuers of GDI and GEM
• The higher the GII, the greater the
inequality (0=equality, 1.0=poorly)
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GII higher in developing countries
• Combines multiple measures
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Empowerment
Labor
Reproductive health
Measures of Gender
Inequality Index (GII)

Empowerment – ability of women to
achieve improvements in their own
status (economic and political power)
• % of seats held by women in the
national legislature

Every country in the world has more men
than women in legislature
• % of women who have completed high
school
Measures of Gender
Inequality Index (GII)

Labor Force
• Female labor force participation rate % of women holding full time jobs
outside the home

Reproductive health
• Maternal mortality ratio – the # of
women who die giving birth per 100,000
births
• Adolescent fertility rate – # of birth per
1,000 women ages 15-19
Gender Inequality Trends

UN has found:
• In nearly every country, gender
inequality has declined since the 1990’s
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Greatest improvements in SW Asia and
North Africa
US is one of few countries where GII has
increased (US HDI = 4, US GII = 47)
• Maternal mortality rate = 24
• % in legislature = 17/100 Senators & 74/435
Representatives