Download ANPS 020 Black 03-23

ANPS020
March 23, 2012
LARYNX – LATERAL VIEW
Vesitbular (false) vocal fold
-sero-mucos glands
-resp. epithelia
Ventricle
True Vocal Cord
-skeletal muscle (vocalis)
-strat. Squam. Epith.
Correlates:
Laryngitis
Tracheotomy
AIR CONDITIONING
Warmth )nose bleeds, fluid leakage into CT)
-flow to blood in vessels (countercurrent)
Humidification (tracheotomy and moist fluid; cystic fibrosis)
-secretions: sero-mucous glands and goblet cells (respiratory epithelium)
-swell bodies = erectile tissue (vascular plexus) that periodically swell + protect from dehydration
Cleansing (sneezing; coughing; smoking)
-entrapment in hairs and secretions
-cilia and macrophages
Slide 103- important
THE TRACHEA (1” by 4”)
Also called windpipe
Extends form cricoid cartilage into mediastinum
-where it branches into right and left pulmonary bronchi
15-20 tracheal cartilage C rings
-an elastic ligament and trachealis muscle at the ends
-strengthen and protect airway
The submucosa
-beneath mucosa of trachea
-contains mucous glands
C-rings of cartilage
Respiratory epithelium
Cartilage for patency
THE BRONCHI
The primary bronchi
-right and left primary bronchi
-separated by an internal ridge (the carina)
The right primary bronchus
-is the larger in diameter than the left
-descends at a steeper angle
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: II
ANATOMY
THE LUNGS
Left and right lungs
-are in the left and right pleural cavities
The base
-inferior portion of each lung rests on superior surface of diaphragm
Lobes of the lungs
-lungs have lobes separated by deep fissures
The pleural cavities and pleural membranes
Two pleural cavities
-are separated by mediastinum
Each pleural cavity
-holds a lung
-is lined with a serious membrane (the pleura)
The right lung has three lobes
-superior, middle, and inferior
-separated by horizontal and oblique fissures
The left lung has two lobes
-superior and inferior
-separated by an oblique fissure
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structures and functions of the system
-conducting system = tubes only (no alveoli)
--mouth to nose to terminal bronchioles
--series of dichotomous, asymmetric branches
--directed passage and conditioning of air
-transition area = tubes and alveoli
--respiratory bronchioles
-respiratory system = alveoli only
--alveolar ducts, sacs, atria, alveoli
--gas exchange
RESPIRATORY TRACT – RESPIRATORY PORTION
Function of the system
-gas exchange - O2 in and CO2 out
Cells involved
-thin, delicate membranes optimized for gas exchange
-type 1 pneumocytes (epithelia cell) and endothelial cells = WALL (long and thin)
-fused basal laminae within the wall
-type II pneumocytes secrete surfactant
-connective tissue within the wall decreases gas exchange
BLOOD SUPPLY TO/FROM THE LUNGS
1. Pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood)
-from the right ventricle (from the right atrium)
-follows the bronchial tree all the way to the alveoli
-gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
After oxygenation, blood exits via pulmonary veins
-into the left atrium…left ventricle…aorta
2. Bronchial arteries (oxygenated blood)
-from branches off the aorta
-provides oxygen and nutrients to tissues of conducting passageways of lung, CT, pleura
-stop before the alveoli – goes to…
3. Bronchial veins (deoxygenated/venous blood (used by the lungs) flows)
-back into the right atrium or
-into pulmonary veins—some minor mixing
THE RESPIRATORY TRACT: BRONCHIOLES
The Bronchioles
-each tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles
-bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles
--one tertiary bronchus forms about 6500 terminal bronchioles
Bronchioles Structure
-bronchioles
--have no cartilage
--are dominated by smooth muscle
THE LUNGS
Autonomic Control
-regulates smooth muscle
--controls diameter of bronchioles
--controls airflow and resistance in lungs
Bronchiodilation (norepi/Beta 2 receptors)
-Dilation of bronchial airways
-Caused by bronchial airways
-(muscle relax) – reduces resistance
Bronchoconstruction (AcH/muscarinic)
-constricts bronchi – causes by
--parasympathetic ANS activation (muscles constrict)
--histamine release (allergic reactions
Why is the proximity of the bronchiole and pulmonary artery important?
Development: helps blood vessels ‘find’ the alveoli
Coordination of air flow and blood flow
--if the bronchiolar air flow is blocked (mucus or tumor) blood vessels constrict to shunt blood flow to
other areas of the lung with more O2
ASTHMA
Excessive stimulation of smooth muscles cells leads to broncho-constriction – narrowing the bronchioles
and increasing resistance
Stimulation severely restricts airflow