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Ch. 17 Reducing Risks and Coping with Chronic Conditions Tamesha Walters (Kimbrough) Major Disease Cancer and Heart Disease Many more that can cause pain and suffering What is a Major Disease Develops over a long period of time Causes progressive damage to tissue in the body Idiopathic- unknown cause Pallative Treatments- Doctors use this to treat or ease symptoms even though there is no official cure. Preventing Major Disease Educate yourself Make lifestyle changes Environment risk reduction Medical interventions Public Support Coping Respiratory Problems Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease(CLRD)\ Ex. Bronchitis, emphysema, asthma 3rd killer in the U.S. Heart Attack, Cancer, and Stroke where the highest Dysea occurs when lung function is impaired It is considered to be choking kind of breathlessness Bronchitis Inflammation and scarring of the lining of the bronchitial tubes. Symptoms These connect to the windpipe Chest pain, Back pain, and shortness of breath Triggers Chemicals, Cigarette smoke, and hairspray fumes Emphysema Gradual Destruction of the alveoli (tiny air sacs that exchanges gas) that is irreversible. Destruction of these alveoli impairs the oxygen and the CO2 transfer to and from the blood. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIUeR5NRi6c Asthma A long-term, chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks airflow to the lungs Symptoms Wheezing Coughing Spasm Short breath Difficult breathing Asthma Cont. There are two types of Asthma: Extrinsic/ allergic asthma Caused by allergies Intrinsic/ non-allergic asthma Caused by anything that’s not allergies Allergies Disease caused by an over reactive immune system. Most Typical Types Mold, food, Medicines Immunotherapy Helps reduce symptoms Allergies Cont. Hay Fever Pollen allergy Sneezing Itching Watery Eyes Prevention Avoid environmental Triggers Food Allergies Food Intolerance Adults Children Milk Eggs Eggs Milk Nuts Peanuts Soybeans Wheat Fish Anaphylactic Shock Rapid Heart beat Blood Pressure Change Swelling of Tounge and Throat Breathing Difficulties Death Neurological Disorders Headaches Tension Headaches Dull aching head pain Sensation or pressure on your forehead and the back of he neck Triggers Symptoms Stress, depression, anxiety, jaw clenching, and poor posture. Prevention Medicine, Exercise, Relaxation Neurological Disorders Cont. Migraines Symptoms Moderate to Severe pain on one or both sides of the head Pain with pulsating and throbbing quality Pain is worsen with everyday activity Nausea Medicine Relaxation Digestive Disorder Inflammatory Bowel Movement Inflamed Intestines Symptoms Bloating, Bloody Stool Common types Ulcerative Colitis Crohns Disease Irritable Bowel Syndrome Functional Bowel disorder Cause Infection, onset of maternity, stressful life events Symptom Nausea, pain, gas, diarrhea, bloating, cramps Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Heart Burn, Acid reflux Symptoms Age, diet, alcohol, obesity, pregnancy, and smoking. Prevention Avoid trigger foods as well as spicy and fried foods. Arthritis Painful Inflammatory disease of the joints Osteoarthritis Progressive deterioration of bones and joints Rheumatoid Arthritis Autoimmune inflammatory disease Osteoporosis Bones that are weak, brittle, and break easy. Prevention Medication Dietary supplements Weight bearing exercise Lower Back Pain Common among young adults Contributions to Lower Back Pain Age, body type, posture, strength and illness, psychological factors, occupational risks Repetitive Motion Disorders Includes Carpal Tunnel, Bursitis, Tendonitis Contributors Twisting arm or your wrist Over exertion Incorrect posture Bronchitis Cont. There are two types of Bronchitis that are more familiar to most people Acute Are caused by other infectious diseases Can go away in week or two Chronic Takes 3 or more months of the year for two years in a row Chapter 18: Cory Fohrer Choosing Conventional and Complementary Healthcare Self Care • Diagnosing symptoms or conditions that occur frequently but may not require physician visits. • Using over the counter medications to treat mild, infrequent, and unambiguous pain and other symptoms. • Performing first aid for common, uncomplicated injuries and conditions • Checking blood pressure, pulse, and temperature. • Performing monthly breast or testicular self examinations. • Performing meditation and other relaxation techniques • Maintaining a healthful diet, getting adequate rest, and exercising When to Seek Help A serious accident or injury Sudden or severe chest pains, especially if they cause breathing difficulties. Trauma to the head or spine accompanied by persistent headache, blurred vision, loss of consciousness, vomiting, or paralysis. Sudden high fever or recurring high temperature Adverse reactions to drug or insect bite Unexplained sudden weight loss Persistent diarrhea or vomiting Blue colored lips, eyelids, or nail beds Any blood in stool or urine Yellowing of skin or whites of the eyes Any reoccurring symptom that is unusual or reoccurs over time. Pregnancy Types of Medicine Conventional (allopathic) -A system of medicine based on the application of the scientific method; diseases are thought to be caused by identifiable physical factors and characterized by a representative set of signs and symptoms; also called biomedicine or standard Western medicine. Complementary- is used together with conventional medicine as a modern integrative medicine approach. Alternative-Traditionally used in place of conventional medicine, such as following a special diet or herbal remedy to treat cancer instead of using radiation, surgery, or other conventional treatments. Conventional Health Care Practitioners Osteopaths- general practitioners who receive training similar to that of a medical doctor but places special emphasis on the skeletal and muscular system. Ophthalmologist- holds a medical degree and can perform surgery and prescribe medications. Optometrist-Evaluates visual problems and fits glasses but is not a trained physician. Dentists-specialists who diagnose and treat diseases of the teeth, gums, and oral cavity. Nurses-Trained healthcare professionals who provide a wide range of services for patients and their families, including patient education, counseling, community health and disease prevention information, and administration of medications. Nurse Practitioners-nurses with advanced training obtained through a masters degree program or specialized nurse practitioner program. Physician assistants- licensed to examine and diagnose patients, offer treatments, and write prescriptions under a physicians supervision. Types of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Natural Products (17.7%) Deep Breathing (12.7%) Meditation (9.4%) Chiropractic & Osteopathic (8.6%) Massage (8.3%) Yoga (6.1%) Diet based therapies (3.6%) Progressive Relaxation (2.9%) Guided Imagery (2.2%) Homeopathic treatment (1.8%) Complementary Medicine unconventional medical practices that are used together with conventional ones tends to be holistic and includes therapies from various historical and cultural backgrounds often needs you to take an active part in your own treatment with lifestyle changes (e.g. diet, exercise, meditation or psychological exercises) CAM: Complementary and Alternative Medicine Increased use in this type of medicine throughout the world. Alternative medical systems include Traditional Chinese medicine-s a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (Tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy. Ayurveda-the traditional Hindu system of medicine, which is based on the idea of balance in bodily systems and uses diet, herbal treatment, and yogic breathing. Homeopathy -the treatment of disease by minute doses of natural substances that in a healthy person would produce symptoms of disease. Naturopathy-a system of alternative medicine based on the theory that diseases can be successfully treated or prevented without the use of drugs, by techniques such as control of diet, exercise, and massage. Manipulative and Body-Based Practices Chiropractic medicine- focuses on manipulation of the spine and other neuromuscular structures. Massage Therapy-soft tissue manipulation by trained therapists for relaxation and healing. Body work- focuses on body centered modalities that release tension, balance the body, alleviate pain, and improve coordination, flexibility, and coordination. Example: Pilates Energy Medicine- general term for therapies that focus either on energy fields thought to originate within the body (biofields) or on field from other sources (electromagnetic fields). Example: Acupuncture Health Insurance Based on the concept of spreading risk Insurance is provided by private insurance companies who charge premiums and the government Medicare and Medicaid programs (funded by taxes) Managed care in the form of HMO’s, PPO’s, and POS plans attempts to control costs by streamlining administrative procedures and promoting preventative care. Health Insurance Cont’d Premium- payment made to an insurance carrier, usually in monthly installments, that covers the cost of an insurance policy. Deductibles-payments you make for health care before insurance coverage in to pay for eligible services. Co-payments-set amounts that you pay per service or product received, regardless of the total cost. Coinsurance- percentage of costs that you must pay based on the terms of the policy. All insurers set some limits on types of covered services, for an example, cosmetic surgery is not included in most policies. Government Funded Programs Medicare- a federal insurance program that covers a broad range of services except long-term care. Covers 99% of Americans all over the age of 65 All permanently disabled All people with end-stage kidney failure By 2030, it is expected that 1 in 5 Americans will be insured by Medicare. Medicaid-a federal state matching funds program that provides health insurance for people defined as: low income blind disabled Elderly Pregnant Temporary assistance for needy families. Issues Facing Todays Health Care System Access to providers, facilities, and treatments Access to quality health insurance Cost Quality Ch. 19 Preventing Violence and Abuse Kyle Olry Violence in the US In general: Violent crime rates have been steadily declining over the last few years. On Campuses: Think VT, NIU, the Purdue Shooting and others Every campus will have an emergency plan in place for such events However 93% of crimes against college students happen off campus Relationship abuse is most prevalent. Contributing Factors Low Socioeconomic Status Financial Strain due to Unemployment. Parental Influence Cultural Beliefs Discrimination or oppression Differing religious or political beliefs Breakdowns in the criminal justice system Stress Heavy substance abuse Interpersonal Violence Violence inflicted against one individual by another individual or group of individuals. Including: Homicide Hate crimes Domestic violence Child abuse Elder abuse Sexual victimization Avoid becoming a victim Self-defense Includes being situationally aware and prepared to take action which includes simply making a scene. Speak in a stern tone of voice Maintain eye contact Be confident. Campuswide responses to violence Early response efforts Reacting to VT and NIU trageties. Restructuring of plans of action in emergency situations. Email, text, phone call alerts. Changes in campus environment. Additional lighting around campus Emergency call boxes Removal of overgrown shrubs etc. Campus police Increased number of officers and their authority. Community strategies Focused on behavior: Teaching children to respect one another and be responsible Develop laws and policies that prevent violence Development of education programs for kids and families in the community Chapter 20 Preserving and Protecting Your Environment Overpopulation http s://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAUVGYz3pZw Air Pollution • Components of air pollution • Photochemical Smog- brownish haze produced by photochemical reaction of sunlight with the pollutants • Air Quality Index • Acid Rain- When pollutants are deposited by precipitation • Ozone Layer Depletion Climate change • Global Warming • Sustainable Development Water pollution and shortages • Water contamination • Gas and petroleum products • Chemical contaminants • Polychlorinated biphenyis • Dioxins • Pesticides Land pollution • Solid waste • Hazardous waste Radiation • Nonionizing Radiation • Ionizing Radiation • Nuclear Power Plants Ch 21 Preparing for Aging, Death, and Dying Coley Parker Terms Aging-Has been described as the patterns of life changes that occur in members of all species as they grow older. Gerontology- The study of individual and collective aging processes. Redefining aging Biological age- Relative age of a person’s organs and body system. Exercise/diet and non smoking are the most influential factors on how body ages. Psychological age-Refers to a persons adaptive capacities, such as coping abilities and intelligence. Social Age- refers to a persons habits and roles relative to society's expectations. Legal Age-Used as a factor in determining voting rights, driving privileges, drinking rights etc.. Functional age-a persons status in terms of physical and mental performance. Successful Aging People who Age successfully have the following characteristics They stay active/ Exercise daily Maintain a normal weight range They eat a healthy diet containing low levels of saturated fats, with plenty of fruits and veggies and whole grains Participate in meaningful activies They don’t smoke and they consume alcohol in moderation Physical and Mental changes of aging The skin becomes thinner and loses elasticity, particularly in the outer surfaces. Bones are continually changing because of the accumulation and loss of minerals. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone density and structural deterioration of bone tissue. The Senses With aging, the senses become less actue. By age 30, the lens of the eye begins to harden, which can cause problems by the early 40’s By age 60, depth perception declines and farsightedness often develops. Cataracts- clouding of the lens Glaucoma- Elevated pressure within the eyeball Macular Degeneration-Breakdown of the macula, the light-sensitive part of the retina responsible for sharp, direct vision Sexual Function As men age, testosterone levels decline and changes in sexual function are common. These physiological changes can include: A need for more stimulation to achieve and maintain erection and orgasm Shorter orgasms Less forceful ejaculation and less semen ejaculated Longer time needed to achieve another erection after ejaculation Alzheimer’s Disease This is the most common type of dementia, and it affects about 5 million Americans. Definition -progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the most common cause of premature senility. The symptoms are mild at first but get worse over a number of years. Your friend or relative might: Be confused about where he is or what day or year it is Have problems speaking or writing Lose things and be unable to backtrack to find them Show poor judgment Have mood and personality changes Death Death- a permanent cessation of all vital functions. Brain Death-irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brainstem, has gained increasing credence. Dying- the process of decline in body functions that results in the death of an organism. Stages of Dying 1.) Denial ( Not me, there must be a mistake) 2.)Anger ( why me?!) 3.)Bargaining (if I’m allowed to live I promise….) 4.) Depression (it’s really going to happen, and I can’t do anything about it) 5.) Acceptance (I’m ready) Coping with Loss Bereavement- The loss or deprivation that a survivor experiences when a loved one dies. Grief- Occurs in reaction to significant loss, including one own impending death, the death of a loved one a significant loss such as the end of a relationship of job. Mourning-refers to culturally prescribed and accepted time periods of behavior patterns for the expression of grief Worden’s model of grieving tasks 1.) Accept the reality of the loss 2.) Work through the pain of grief 3.)Adjust to an environment in which the deceased is missing 4.)Emotionally relocate the deceased and move on with life.