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KREBS CYCLE & ELECTRON TRANSPORT Chapter 9-2 http://www.therunningdoctor.com/runinjuries.htm http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. OXYGEN The presence or absence of _______________ decides which path it takes next. • See video 9A AEROBIC RESPIRATION Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present. Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing _______________ follows KREBS CYCLE glycolysis if oxygen is present • See video 9C • KREBS CYCLE See video 9D KREBS cont’d REMEMBER: Glycolysis happens in CYTOPLASM the ________________ outside the mitochondria. Krebs cycle happens in _____________ MATRIX inside the mitochondria PYRUVIC ACID _______________ (also called pyruvate) enters the MITOCHONDRION _________________ Pyruvic acid joins with _______________ COENZYME A to form ACETYL - CoA ________________ Diagram by Riedell WHERE DO THESE GO? Carbon dioxide is released into the ________________ atmosphere High energy electron carriers move into the ELECTRON TRANSPORT ____________________ CHAIN (We will come back to this later) Citric Acid Formation: Krebs Cycle Animation-(select #2) 2 carbon ACETYL-COA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon citric acid molecule called _______________ . WHERE DO THESE GO? Coenzyme A goes back to pick up another Pyruvic acid ________________ Citric acid completes the ____________ KREBS CYCLE KREBS CYCLE Krebs Cycle Animation-(select #3) KREBS CYCLE PRODUCES 3 ____ 1 ____ 1 ____ 4 ____ WHERE DOES IT GO? → 6 carbons in original glucose are lost Carbon dioxide as ________________ to atmosphere WHERE DO THESE GO? ATP can be used directly energy to supply __________ for the cell. High energy electron carriers move into the ELECTRON TRANSPORT ____________________ CHAIN Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain. WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN? Glycolysis KREBS ET Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN are located in the Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae) ___________________________ • See video 9E • ELECTRON TRANSPORT See video 9F ET cont’d ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN INTERMEMBRANE SPACE CRISTAE MATRIX Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Electron Transport Chain: Electron Transport Chain Animation(select start, continue, and #1) electrons High-energy _____________ from __________ NADH and __________ FADH2 are passed along the electron transport chain. Energy from passing electrons is used +) Hydrogen ions (H to transport _____________________ across the membrane. Electron Transport Chain: Electron Transport Chain Animation(select start, continue, and #3) The pumping of H+ ions into the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE represents _______________________ potential energy that is harnessed to make ATP. As H+ ions escape through ion channels ATP SYNTHASE back into the matrix, ________________ spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to ATP form _______ Electron Transport Chain: OXYGEN ________________ serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, an enzyme combines the electrons with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form ______________ water (H2O) Electron Transport Chain Animation-(#1 and #2) NADH come in High-energy electrons from ________ at beginning but electrons from _________ FADH2 come in farther down the chain. SO: → FADH2 → NADH 3 ATP’s _____ 2 ATP’s _____ Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview WHATS THE BIG PICTURE? Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Cytoplasm Glycolysis Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Mitochondrion CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes: GLYCOLYSIS ______________________ KREBS CYCLE ______________________ ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN _______________________ GLYCOLYSIS Happens in CYTOPLASM ______________ outside mitochondria 1 glucose Breaks down ____________ into ________________ 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate) Produces 2 _______ 2 __________ KREBS CYCLE MATRIX happens in ________________ inside mitochondria Breaks down _________________ 2 pyruvic acid Produces: 2 ____ ____ 8____ ____ 2 6 ELECTRON TRANSPORT cristae Enzymes found in _____________ inner membrane of mitochondria Uses high energy electrons and H+ ions NADH FADH2 donated by _______ and _______ 32 (net) ATP Makes ___________ OXYGEN acts a final ________ H2O electron acceptor to produce ________ Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing CELLULAR RESPIRATION (aerobic/ with oxygen): 36 ATP 1 glucose → _______________ FERMENTATION (anaerobic/ without oxygen): 2 ATP 1 glucose → ________________ Remember ! CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://www.therunningdoctor.com/runinjuries.htm EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) SMALL Cells normally contain _________ amounts of ATP produced by GLYCOLYSIS _______________ & __________________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION (only enough for a few seconds of activity) LACTIC ACID Once this ATP is used up_____________ fermentation can provide enough ATP to last about ___________________. 90 seconds EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Lactic acid Once race is over, _______________ must be broken down using oxygen. trained Well __________ athletes burn lactic acid more efficiently. Image from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) For exercise longer than 90 seconds Cellular respiration _____________________ is the only way to make enough ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation. _____________ Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves during a long race. What happens in a long race when the body’s glucose all is used up? REMEMBER Animal cells store GLUCOSE as _____________ GLYCOGEN to use later. Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) MUSCLES ________________ store glucose as ________________ which can glycogen be broken down into glucose to 15-20 minutes supply energy for_______________ of activity. EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) After glycogen stores are used up the body begins to FAT break down ________ That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than 20 minutes if you want to lose weight! Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg ALL CELLS NEED ENERGY Eukaryotes All __________________ (including plant and animal cells) have _______________ for cellular respiration mitochondria All __________________ (bacteria) Prokaryotes have their electron transport enzymes attached to their Cell membranes _____________________ Remember: No membrane bound organelles! SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle; predict the function of a given structure; High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes) describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); describe the relationship between structure and function High school students performing at the BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes) name chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); recognize that different structures perform different functions; SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things. • 9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration and their importance to plant and animal life. (SYNTHESIS) • Examples: Krebs Cycle Go Online • Links from the authors on Creatine • Share kimchi lab data • Interactive test • For links on cellular respiration, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3091. • For links on the Krebs cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3092.