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Download 2016-2017 Biology Spring Final Study Guide
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Biology Spring Final Study Guide The final will cover all information since the beginning of the school year, but the emphasis will be second semester (approx 30% 1st semester, 70% 2nd semester information). *Study guides are intended to aide in preparation for tests. They may not list every item that will be tested on, some items on them may not be tested on, and they are subject to change. *You may use a 5x8 note card for the final, both sides - 1st Semester Unit 1 – Science Skills - What is science? What is the scientific method? Observation Inference Prediction Hypothesis Theory Variables – Independent & Dependent Characteristics of life Unit 2 – Chemistry of Life - - Big Bang Theory Protons, Neutrons, Electrons Atoms Ions Covalent bonds Polar covalent bonds Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds Properties of water Monomer vs. Polymer Four categories of biomolecules – Carbohydrate, protein, lipids, nucleic acids o Know the monomers & Polymers of each o Know the function of each Chemical reactions Reactants vs. Products How energy is stored in molecules Energy changes Exergonic (exothermic) Endergonic (endothermic) - Activation energy Unit 3 - Cells - Cell Membrane Cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochnodria Cell membrane structure Passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion Active transport Unit 4 - DNA - - - Watson & Crick Structure of double helix Chargaff’s rules Chromosome structure Chromatin, histones, nucleosomes DNA Replication 3 modes – conservative, semiconservative, dispersive Cell Cycle – interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis) Central Dogma (12.3) o Central dogma sentence Transcription- RNA polymerase Translation Differences between RNA and DNA Types of RNA- mRNA, rRNA, tRNA; and what they each look like and what they each do Codons and anticodons Introns and exons Mutations Definition of mutation Gene mutations o Point mutation - - o Substitution o Frameshift (insertion or deletion) Chromosomal mutations o Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation Gene Expression and Regulation o Gene control Unit 5 - Energy Flow - - Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Food Web Energy Pyramid Chemical Energy ATP and ADP (NADH, NADPH, FADH2) Glucose Photosynthesis - 6CO2(carbon dioxide) + 6H2O(water) + energy(light) = C6H12O6(sugar) + 6O2(oxygen) o Chloroplast o Light wavelengths o Pigments (chlorophyll) Cellular Respiration- 6O2(oxygen ) + C6H12O6(sugar) = 6CO2(carbon dioxide) + 6H2O(water) + energy o Mitochondria Photosynthesis - - - Chloroplast structure (thylakoid, grana, stroma) Carrier molecule (NADPH) Light dependent reactions (photosystem II, photosystem I, electron transport chain, concentration gradient, ATP synthase) o Reactants and products Calvin Cycle o Calvin cycle-reactants and products Factors affecting photosynthesis Cellular Respiration - Glycolysis ATP Carrier Molecules: NADH and FADH2 - - Fermentation (alcoholic and lactic acid) The Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Total amounts of ATP, NADH and FADH2produced by glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain Energy and exercise (quick energy, long term energy, ATP from glycolysis/fermentation, and cellular respiration, CO2 production) 2nd Semester Unit 6 - Genetics Meiosis - Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction (Ch 11.4 and 11.1) Importance of meiosis and phases of meiosis Crossing over Gametes Diploid vs Haploid Independent Assortment Segregation Mendelian Genetics - Genetics Genes Inheritance Independent Assortment Segregation Dominance Gregor Mendel Pea Plants and Genetics (experiments) Blending Hypothesis Monohybrid crosses Test crosses Incomplete Dominance Codominance Polygenic Traits Dihybrid Crosses Two-trait crosses Phenotype ratios - - Genotype ratios Relationship between a gene and a chromosome Restatement of the law of independent assortment Autosomes vs. sex chromosomes Karyotypes Chromosomal disorders Sex (X) linked traits X-chromosome inactivation Pedigrees o X-linked vs autosomal o Recessive vs dominant o Carriers Chromosomal disorders Unit 8 - Evolution - - Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Fossil record Extinction Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change, Lyell’s Principles of Geology Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Tendency toward perfection, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits Malthus and Population Growth Natural Variation Artificial Selection Natural Selection Struggle for Existence Survival of the fittest Adaptation (vs. adapting) Descent with modification Common descent/ common ancestors Evidence supporting evolution o Fossil record o Body structures o Homologous o Embryology and Biochemistry How does variation promote survival of one species? Natural Selection, Population Genetics Genetic variation Sources- mutations, gene shuffling (meiosis and sexual reproduction) Population genetics - Gene pool Relative frequencies of alleles Single-gene traits Natural selection of Polygenic traits Speciation Reproductive Isolation Behavioral isolation, Geographic isolation, Temporal isolation Evidence of natural selection and Rapid evolution Speciation of Darwin’s finches
