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NUTRITION OF CHICKENS AND DIETARY DEFICIENCIES Establishing Nutritional Specifications Modern broiler, breeder and eggproduction flocks require diets balanced in essential nutrients to achieve optimal reproductive efficiency, feed conversion, livability, and immune response. Suppliers of stock provide printed management guides incorporating nutrient specifications appropriate to the various ages and types of poultry. Nutritionists satisfy dietary requirements by blending available ingredients into diets on a least- cost basis. Generally, linear programming is used to develop Formulations containing the most critical nutrients. These include: 1-Energy 2-Crude protein 3-Essential amino acids with specific reference to: -methionine -cysteine -lysine -tryptophan - Threonine 4-Fats and essential fatty acids (linoleic acid) 5-Macro Minerals -sodium -calcium Magnesium -potassium -chlorine as chlorine -phosphorus as phosphate -sulphur as sulfate 6-Micro Elements -copper -cobalt -manganese -zinc -selenium -iron -iodine as iodize salt 7-Vitamins Nutrient Deficiencies Causes of Nutrient Deficiencies 1-Diets may be erroneously formulated. 2-Biologica1 potency of specific vitamins or availability of minerals may be sub- optimal. 3-Deficiencies may occur due to deletion of specified ingredients or supplements from rations. 4-Destruction of nutrients can occur in feed due to oxidation. 5-Chemical antagonists in feed may increase the nutritional requirements of nutrients. 6-The nutrient quality of ingredients may be depressed by excess moisture, mold contamination or inappropriate processing. Under commercial conditions multiple deficiencies often occur and signs and lesions associated with suboptimal intake of a specific nutrient may not be clearly defined. Low Energy Intake Most poultry will compensate for low energy density by consuming a greater quantity of feed. Under conditions of feed restriction or extreme competition, mature birds will lose weight and hens will show a decline in both egg size and egg number. Male breeders will become infertility. Growth rate of immature stock will be depressed. The effect of restricting energy intake will be exacerbated by low environmental temperature or improper management of brooding and ventilation systems during the early growth phase. Flocks deprived of energy will show increased susceptibility to infection. Deficiencies of Proteins or Amino Acids Low protein intake will depress growth rat feed conversion efficiency immune response and reproductive efficiency. A deficiency in lysine may occur in wheat and maize. Based diets and will result in depressed growth rate and feed conversion efficiency in broilers. Methionine deficiency in diets containing maize and soybean meal will result in a low growth rate. Jn the case of filature flocks both egg size and egg numbers will’reduceda it is emphasized that suboptimal levels of essential amino acids will result in any specific clinical sign or lesion other than a failure to attain accepted production standard sciences in energy and essential amino acids will exacerbate the effects of viral malabsorption syndrome and intestinal damage caused by coccidiosis or endoparasites.