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Name _____________________________ Period _________ AP Biology Date ______________________ BIODIVERSITY (CLASSIFICATION / TAXONOMY / SYSTEMATICS) REVIEW – “TOP TEN” DOMAINS Eubacteria Archaebacteria Eukarya 1. Cladogram or phylogenetic tree (an evolutionary tree diagram) illustrating the relationship between the three domains. internal membranes histone proteins common ancestor 2. Key characteristics that distinguish the three domains. DOMAIN Bacteria (Eubacteria) Archaebacteria Eukarya CHARACTERISTICS unicellular prokaryotes peptidoglycan cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes no membrane-bound organelles naked DNA, single circular chromosome, asexual reproduction = binary fission heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs rods, spheres, spirals; Gram positive & negative stain unicellular prokaryotes cell wall (no peptidoglycans), cell membrane, ribosomes, no membrane-bound organelles DNA + histone proteins, single circular chromosome asexual reproduction = binary fission extremophiles: halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens unicellular & multicellular eukaryotes membrane-bound organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi complex, ER, lysosomes heterotrophs, autotrophs 1 of 7 EXAMPLES Bacillus, E. coli, Streptococcus Cyanobacteria = "blue-green algae" Methanococcus, Halobacterium, Thermoproteus animals, plants, protests, fungi Name _____________________________ AP Biology EUKARYOTIC KINGDOMS 3. Key characteristics that distinguish the four kingdoms of the Domain Eukarya. KINGDOM Protista MODE OF NUTRITION autotrophs (algae) heterotrophs (predators) CELL WALL REPRODUCTION • m o s tly a s e x u a l • s o m e h a v e c e ll w a ll • s o m e h a v e o n ly c e ll membrane • diatoms & forams have - binary fission - b u d d in g • s o m e tim e s s e xu a l silica (glass) cell walls • mostly sexual Fungi heterotrophs (by absorption) + and - strains • a s e x u a l fo r u n ic e llu la r yeast Cell wall (chitin) • sexual Plantae autotrophs (photosynthesis) - alternation of generations - s p o re s & s e e d s • asexual - cuttings, tubers, etc. Cell wall (cellulose) sexual (gametes) Animalia heterotrophs (by ingestion) OTHER • p h o to p la n k to n & z o o p la n k to n • lo c o m o tio n v ia fla g e lla , c ilia , pseudopods • m o s tly u n ic e llu la r & s o m e multicellular • e x a m p le s :E u g le n a , A m o e b a , Paramecium, kelp • multi-nucleated cells • Basidiomycetes = mushrooms • bread mold • yeast • m osses • ferns • gymnosperm • angiosperm • a ll m u ltic e llu la r • invertebrates: sponges, worms, molluscs, arthropods • vertebrates: fish, amphibians, No reptiles, birds, mammals 2 of 7 Name _____________________________ AP Biology EUKARYOTES: PLANTS Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm 4. Cladogram or phylogenetic tree (an evolutionary tree diagram) illustrating the relationship between the four groups of land plants. flower & fruit seeds & pollen vascular system colonization of land 5. Key characteristics that distinguish the four groups of land plants. PLANT GROUP Bryophytes (mosses) Pteridophytes (ferns) Gymnosperm (conifers) VASCULAR SYSTEM No Yes "tracheophytes" Yes "tracheophytes" GAMETOPHYTE & SPOROPHYTE • dominant gametophyte • dependent sporophyte • dominant sporophyte • independent fragile gametophyte • dominant sporophyte • highly reduced gametophyte - male gametophyte in pollen - female gametophyte in ovule • dominant sporophyte • highly reduced gametophyte Angiosperm (flowering plants) Yes "tracheophytes" - male gametophyte in pollen - female gametophyte in ovule 3 of 7 REPRODUCTION • spores • motile sperm • spores • motile sperm • heterospory • cones • pollen in male cones OTHER mosses, liverworts ferns & horsetails pines, spruce, fir, redwood, cycads, Ginkgo - wind pollinated • egg & seeds in female cones • heterospory • flowers - animal pollinators • pollen in anthers • seeds in female ovule • fruit monocots dicots (eudicots) Name _____________________________ AP Biology EUKARYOTES: ANIMALS 6. Cladogram or phylogenetic tree (an evolutionary tree diagram) illustrating the relationship between the groups of animals. Cnidaria Porifera Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinoderm Arthropoda Chordata backbone segmentation endoskeleton coelom body cavity bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity Ancestral Protist 4 of 7 Name _____________________________ AP Biology 7. Key characteristics that distinguish the nine groups of animals. ANIMAL GROUP Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata SYMMETRY COELOM none No radial bilateral bilateral bilateral No No No Yes bilateral Yes bilateral Yes radial Yes bilateral Yes SEGMENTATION No No No No BODY GUT OPENINGS soft body 0 soft body soft body soft body 1 OTHER no specialized tissues sponges stinging cells nematocysts jellyfish many parasites flatworms, Planaria, tapeworms many live in soil, pests of crops & animal parasites roundworms, pinworm. hookworm snails, oysters, octopus insects, crabs, (crustaceans), spiders (arachnids) starfish. sea urchins, sand dollars 1 2 soft body 2 terrestrial & marine open circulatory system (except squid & octopus) protostome protostome closed circulatory system exoskeleton (chitin) 2 open circulatory system protostome No endoskeleton (Ca plates) 2 Yes endoskeleton backbone No Yes Yes jointed appendages soft body, shells 5 of 7 2 2 EXAMPLES regenerate body parts open circulatory system deuterostome notocord, dorsal nerve cord, tail, pharyngeal slits closed circulatory system deuterostome earthworms, leeches fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Name _____________________________ AP Biology EUKARYOTES: ANIMALS: VERTEBRATES 8. Key characteristics that distinguish the five subgroups of the Vertebrates. VERTEBRATE SUBGROUP BODY GAS EXCHANGE HEART ECTO- VS. ENDOTHERM FERTILIZATION DEVELOPMENT trout, salmon, shark external, aquatic egg, metamorphosis first land animals, first tetrapods frogs, salamander internal external, amniotic egg first animals to remain out of water whole life turtle, lizards, alligator internal external, amniotic egg flight eagles, robin, parrots live young, produce milk, specialized teeth humans, rabbits, lions scales, fins, tail gills 2 chambers ectotherm external external, aquatic egg Amphibian wet skin lungs & skin 3 chambers ectotherm external Reptiles dry skin, some are armored lungs 3 chambers Birds (Aves) feathers, wings, hollow bones lungs & air sacs 4 chambers Mammals hair lungs 4 chambers endotherm endotherm 6 of 7 EXAMPLES aquatic Fish ectotherm OTHER internal internal, placenta Name _____________________________ AP Biology EUKARYOTES: ANIMALS: VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS 9. Key characteristics that distinguish the three subgroups of the Mammals. MAMMAL SUBGROUP CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Montremes egg-laying mammals, no mammary glands = ooze milk from skin duck-billed platypus, echidna Marsupials pouched mammals, short-lived placenta so babies must develop further in pouch kangaroo, koala, opossum Placentals fully developed placenta = supplies nutrients to baby in uterus & removes waste. Babies can develop to full term. rodents, primates, elephants, canines, felines 7 of 7
