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Plant phylogenetic tree The life cycle of a moss Sphagnum, a common wetland moss protoneme Spongy rhizoid tissue http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/2152/l8fig4.jpg&imgrefurl=http://kentsimmons.uwinnip eg.ca/2152/lb8pg1.htm&h=664&w=600&sz=146&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=Jh_EsdcGnUOr6M:&tbnh=138&tbnw=125&prev=/imag es%3Fq%3DSphagnum%2Blife%2Bcycle%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN antheridium Antheridia clusters on the leaf tips of gametophyte archegonium Parasitic sporophyte Fontilalis antipyretica Habitat: Water moss is found attached to rocks or logs in swift flowing water, or floating loose or attached to substrate in still water. It is common in shaded sites and prefers slightly acidic water. It requires water below pH 8.4 where dissolved carbon dioxide is available. Most ferns are homosporous—only one kind of spore and gametophyte bears both sexes at different times Fig. 29.23 Salvinia spp: a floating aquatic fern: aggressive weeds in shallow standing waters or slow moving streams Most species polyploid and sporangia are sterile Reproduction: Salvinia molesta effectively reproduces through vegetative means. Stems fragment spontaneously as plants mature. New branches develop from apical and lateral buds. Each node harbors up to five serial lateral buds (Lemon and Posluszny 1997), adding to the high potential for growth and dormancy. Salvinia molesta will withstand periods of stress, both low temperature and dewatering, through latent buds. http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/lifeforms/images/aquaticplants/Salvinia1 .jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/lifeforms/aquaticplants/a0042tx.html&h=239&w=360&sz=24&hl=en &start=4&tbnid=Jm4d6m082X6MxM:&tbnh=80&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Daquatic%2Bfern%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den %26lr%3D%26sa%3DG Azolla, an aquatic fern used in rice culture Is this plant homo- or heterosporous? Phylum Pterophyta—sporophytes are vascular plants with megaphylls—ferns, horsetails, etc. Phylum Pterophyta The sphenophytes Equisetum—the horsetail •Upright jointed stems growing from a rhizome •Reproductive and vegetative stems separate Left—reproductive stems bearing strobilae Right—vegetative stems Strobila of Equisetum with sporophylls bearing sporangia The life cycle of Equisetum A homosporous cycle Isoetes, the quillwort Heterospory Some ferns Quillwort Seed plants Advantages and disadvantages? Trade-offs? Homospory Most ferns Horsetails http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/ClassificationPlants/Cryptogamia/Bryophyta /NonvascularPlants/NonvascularPlants.htm Life-cycle stages of a flowering plant The anther is a microsporangium, and the pollen grain is a microspore that germinates to form the male gametophyte (2 cells) The megaspore is inside the ovule, and becomes an 8-celled gametophyte Fig. 30.13a The development of angiosperm gametophytes Fig. 38.4 Common Cattail Typha latifolia Cattail family (Typhaceae) Spike bearing staminate flowers Each staminate flower bears 4 grains of pollen; its petals and sepals are reduced to bristles. After the pollen is released, the staminate spike quickly withers away. Spike or catkin carrying pistillate flowers fertile pistillate flower has a stipe at least 1 mm. long, a single achene, and a single style with a flattened stigma. The pistillate spike persists into the fall. The blooming period occurs during early to midsummer. The root system produces thick starchy rhizomes and fibrous roots. Colonies often grow and expand vegetatively when new shoots are produced from the starchy rhizome. Typha latifolia Scirpus microcarpus: panicled bulrush http://www.tva.gov/river/landandshore/stabilization/plants/images/scirpus_americanus.jpg http://cricket.biol.sc.edu/herb/SS/Scirpus_americanus1.jpg Sagittaria latifolia, broad-leafed arrowhead http://www.uwgb.edu/BIODIVERSITY/herbarium/wetland_plants The white water lily Nymphaea http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ontariowildflower.com/images/bulrushhardstem.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ww w.ontariowildflower.com/lakes.htm&h=483&w=370&sz=11&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=fPRsJ194C3ZH3M:&tbnh=129&tbnw=99 &prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbulrush%2Bflower%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG Nuphar variegata: bull-head pond lily http://www.uwgb.edu/BIODIVERSITY/herbarium/wetland_plants The smartweed Polygonum Common duckweed: Lemma minor http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/graphics/frog_in_duckweed.gif&imgrefurl=http:// www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweedcharms.htm&h=291&w=432&sz=122&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=SyVvY42awRVryM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3DD uckweed%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG Floating leaved Pondweed, Potamogeton natans Water milfoil, Myriophyllum exalbescens Potamogeton filiformis Potamogeton praelongus http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uwgb.edu/BIODIVERSITY/herbarium/wetland_plants/potpra_FlowersAndFruit01gf 400.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.uwgb.edu/BIODIVERSITY/herbarium/wetland_plants/potpra01.htm&h=400&w=224&sz=17&hl=en&star t=15&tbnid=61554dy6xY2IiM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=69&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpotamogeton%2Bflower%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3 D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN Vallisneria americana http://www.uwgb.edu/BIODIVERSITY/herbarium/wetland_plants/valame_aspect01_web400gf.jpg Vallisneria americana: a dioecious species, sexes on separate plants Staminate plant Flowers open at the water’s surface—wind pollinated Pistillate plant Also capable of asexual reproduction through vegetative “suckering” Utricularia vulgaris: common bladderwort http://www.uwgb.edu/BIODIVERSITY/herbarium/wetland_plants Potamogeton richardsoni http://www.uwgb.edu/BIODIVERSITY/herbarium/wetland_plants Potamogeton amplifolius, big-leafed pondweed http://www.uwgb.edu/BIODIVERSITY/herbarium/wetland_plants Elodea canadensis http://www.uwgb.edu/BIODIVERSITY/herbarium/wetland_plants Ceratophyllum demersum: coonstail http://www.uwgb.edu/BIODIVERSITY/herbarium/wetland_plants Algae •essentially weightless and lack supporting tissue •no water or nutrient transport, •Take up nutrients through the body surface from the surrounding water •Use only holdfast cells for anchorage •Most cells can photosynthesize and they have no need for stomates or an impermeable cuticle •Gametes swim through water Terrestrial plants have gradually evolved •roots for anchorage, water and nutrient uptake •vascular tissue for water and nutrient transport, and tensile strength •Leaves with concentrated photosynthetic tissue, a waxy cuticle and stomates to regulate gas intake and water loss •Mechanisms to protect gametes from drying, •Pollination mechanisms to bring gametes together With the exception of brypohytes which have always been heavily dependent on water Most aquatic plants evolved from terrestrial plants and retain many of their features •most have roots or rhizomes that take anchor the plant and take up nutrients •most have true leaves, supplied by vascular tissue (veins) •most reproduce sexually with flowers that produce pollen and seeds •most have vasuclar tissue in their roots (or rhizomes) stems and leaves Aquatic plants, escpecially the flowering plants, have evolved many modifications that better adapt them for life in water. •Reduction of xylem tissue—less need for support or water transport •Increased flexibility, substituting tensile strength for rigidity •Lacunate tissue—spongy air-filled tissue •Tolerance of hypoxia—pumping O2 to rhizomes and tolerating elevated EtOH or lactate •Thin or finely dissected leaves, to provide high surface/mass •Stomata greatly reduced or absent, cuticle very much reduced •Epidermis well supplied with chlorophyll •Reduction in roots, since water uptake is not necessary, some lack roots or rhizomes •Adaptive plasticity—different morphology depending on environment •Flower reduction--pollination by wind or water, and rarely insects •Fruit modification--spongy tissue (floating) for dispersal by water •Increased reliance on vegetative propagation—fragmentation (winter buds) or suckering