Download chapter 8 -- the nervous system

CHAPTER 8 -- THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
I.
Functions of the Nervous System
A. Sensory input
B. Integration
C. Homeostasis
D. Mental activity
E. Control of muscles and glands
II. Divisions of the Nervous System
(Fig. 8.1, p.198, Fig. 8.2, p. 199)
A. Central nervous system (CNS)
B. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Clinical Focus: Peripheral Nervous System Disorders p. 236
1. Sensory division and sensory neurons
2. Motor division and motor neurons
a. Somatic nervous system
b. Autonomic nervous system
III. Cells of the Nervous System
A. Neurons
1. Structure
a. Cell body
b. Dendrites
c. Axons
d. Myelin sheath
(Fig. 8.3, p. 200)
CHAPTER 11 -- BLOOD
CONTENT OUTLINE
I.
Functions of Blood
A. Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products
B. Transport of processed molecules
C. Transport of regulatory molecules
D. Regulation of pH and osmosis
E. Maintenance of body temperature
F. Protection against foreign substances
F. Clot formation
II. Composition of Blood
(Fig. 11.1, p. 305)
III. Plasma
A. Characteristics
B. Composition
(Table 11.1, p. 304)
IV. Formed Elements
A. Production (hematopoiesis)
B. Red blood cells
1. Function
a. O2 transport
b. pH balance
2. Life history
a. Production
b. Breakdown
(Table 11.2, p. 306, Fig. 11.6, p.
(Fig. 11.2, p. 307)
(Fig. 11.3, p. 308)
(Fig. 11.4, p. 309)
(Fig. 11.5, p. 309)
C. White blood cells (leukocytes)
(Fig. 11.7, p. 311)
D. Platelets from megakaryocytes
V. Preventing Blood Loss
A. Blood vessel contraction
B. Platelet plugs
C. Blood clotting
(Fig. 11.8, p. 311)
(Fig. 11.9, p. 312)
VI. Blood Grouping
A. General principles
1. Transfusion reactions
2. Antigens and antibodies
3. Agglutination and hemolysis
B. ABO blood group
C. Rh blood group
1. HDN
(Fig. 11.12, p. 315)
(Fig. 11.11, p. 314)
(Fig. 11.13, p. 316)
FOCAL POINTS AND INTEGRATING THEMES
Relationship between structure and function:
Structure—function relationships are easy to demonstrate in red blood cells and in the
hemoglobin molecule. The shape of the RBC, a biconcave disc, increases surface area, and allows
the cell to fold as it passes through the smallest capillaries. Without a nucleus or most other
organelles, the RBC can maximize its "payload" by filling the cell with hemoglobin. It has been
estimated that an RBC has 280 million molecules of hemoglobin; each hemoglobin molecule can
carry four oxygen molecules.
CHAPTER 12
THE HEART
CONTENT OUTLINE
I.
The Cardiovascular System
(Fig. 12.1, p. 324; Fig. 12.2, p. 325)
II. Functions of the Heart
A. Generating blood pressure
B. Routing blood
C. Ensuring one-way blood flow
D. Regulating blood supply
IV. Anatomy of the Heart
A. Pericardium
1. Pericardial cavity and fluid
B. External anatomy
1. Sulci
2. Veins
3. Arteries
C. Blood supply to the heart
1. Coronary arteries
2. Cardiac veins
(Fig. 12.4, p. 326)
(Fig. 12.5, p. 328-329)
(Fig. 12.6, p. 329)
D. Heart chambers and internal anatomy
1. Right and left atria
2. Right and left ventricles
3. Septa
4. Major vessels
E. Heart valves
1. Atrioventricular
a. Tricuspid
b. Bicuspid (mitral)
2. Semilunar
a. Pulmonary semilunar
b. Aortic semilunar
3. Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae
V. Route of Blood Flow through the Heart
VI. Histology of the Heart
A. Heart wall
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
B. Cardiac muscle
2. Intercalated disks and gap junctions
VII. Electrical Activity of the Heart
A. Conduction system of the heart
1. SA node (pacemaker)
2. AV node
3. Atrioventricular bundle
4. Left and right bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers
(Fig. 12.7, p. 330)
(Fig. 12.8, p. 331)
(Fig. 12.9, p. 331)
(Fig. 12.11, p. 333)
(Fig. 12.12, p. 334)
(Fig. 12.13, p. 334)
(Fig. 12.15, p. 336)
VIII. Cardiac cycle
A. Systole
B. Diastole
IX. Heart Sounds
A. First heart sound
B. Second heart sound
C. Murmurs
1. Incompetent valves
2. Stenosed valves
X. Regulation of Heart
A. Cardiac output
Change through time:
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis occur in most people to some extent as they age.
Understanding this relationship helps students understand why myocardial infarction in persons
who are 40 years of age or younger is a much more clinically surprising even than a myocardial
infarction of a person over 80 years of age.
CHAPTER 13
BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION
CONTENT OUTLINE
I.
Functions of the Peripheral Circulation
A. Carry blood
B. Exchange nutrients, waste products and gases
C. Transport
D. Regulate blood pressure
E. Direct blood flow
II. General Features of Blood Vessel Structure
A. Vessel walls
1. Tunica intima
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica adventitia (externa)
B. Arteries
1. Elastic arteries and elastic recoil
2. Muscular arteries
a. Distributing (medium-sized) arteries
b. Small diameter arteries
c. Vasoconstriction
c. Arterioles
C. Capillaries
D. Veins
1. Venules and small veins
2. Medium-sized veins
3. Large veins
4. Valves
III. Blood Vessels of the Pulmonary Circulation
(Fig. 13.2, p. 358)
(Fig. 13.3, 13.4, p. 358)
(Fig. 13.5, p. 360)
IV. Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation
VI. The Physiology of Circulation
A. Blood pressure
1. Auscultatory method of BP determination
a. Sphygmomanometer
b. Korotkoff sounds
2. Systolic pressure
3. Diastolic pressure
4. Variation in different vessels
B. Capillary exchange
VII. Local Control of Blood Vessels
A. Precapillary sphincters
CHAPTER 14
(Fig. 13.21, p. 373)
(Fig. 13.22, p. 374)
(Fig. 13.24, p. 376)
(Table 13.1, p. 377)
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
I.
Lymphatic System
A. Functions of the Lymphatic System
1. Fluid balance
2. Fat absorption
3. Defense
B. Lymphatic organs
1. Tonsils
2. Lymph nodes
3. Spleen
4. Thymus
5. Overview of the Lymphatic System
TA 177
(Fig. 14.3, p. 394)
(Fig. 14.4, p. 394)
(Fig. 14.5, p. 395)
(Fig. 14.6, p. 396)
(Fig. 14.7, p. 398)
II. Immunity
A. Innate immunity
B. Adaptive immunity
III. Innate Immunity
A. Mechanical mechanisms
1. Skin and mucous membranes
2. Tears, saliva, and urine
B. Chemical mediators
C. Phagocytic cells
IV. Adaptive Immunity
A. Cell recognition—antigens
(Table 14.1, p. 402)
CHAPTER 15
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
I.
Functions of the Respiratory System
A. Gas exchange
B. Regulation of blood pH
C. Voice production
D. Olfaction
E. Innate immunity
II. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
A. Nose and nasal cavity
1. External and internal nares
2. Hard palate
3. Conchae
4. Paranasal sinuses
5. Nasolacrimal ducts
B. Pharynx
(Fig. 15.2, p. 423)
1. Nasopharynx
2. Soft palate
(Fig. 15.1, p. 422)
(Fig. 15.2, p. 423)
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
3. Oropharynx
4. Laryngopharynx
Larynx
1. Thyroid cartilage
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
1. Lobes
2. Bronchioles
3. Alveoli
Pleural cavities
III. Ventilation and Lung Volumes
A. Changing thoracic volume
(Fig. 15.3, p. 425)
(Fig. 15.5, p. 426)
(Fig. 15.6, p. 427)
(Fig. 15.7, p. 428)
(Fig. 15.8, p. 429)
(Fig. 15.9, p. 430)
(Fig. 15.10, p. 431)
B. Pressure changes and air flow
1. Changes in volume lead to changes in pressure
2. Air flows form high pressure to low pressure
3. Events of one respiratory cycle
IV. Gas Exchange
A. Respiratory membrane thickness
B. Surface area
C. Partial pressure
1. Diffusion of gases in the lungs
2. Diffusion of gases in the tissues
(Fig. 15.13, p. 437)
(Table 15.1, p. 436)
CHAPTER 16 -- THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
I.
Functions of the Digestive System
A. Take in food
B. Break down the food
C. Absorb digested molecules
D. Provide nutrients
E. Eliminate wastes
II. Peritoneum
III. Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
A. Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
1. Lips, cheeks and tongue
2. Teeth
a. Incisors 2
b. Canines 1
c. Premolars 2
d. Molars 3
3. Palate
a. Hard palate
b. Soft palate and uvula
4. Salivary glands
B. Secretions of the Oral Cavity
1. Salivary Amylase
C. Mastication
(Fig. 16.1, p. 454)
(Fig. 16.3, p. 456)
(Fig. 16.4, p. 457)
(Fig. 16.5, p. 458)
(Fig. 16.6, p. 458)
(Fig. 16.7, p. 458)
(Table 16.1, p. 459)
D. Esophagus
IV. Stomach
A. Anatomy of the Stomach
1. Fundus
2. Body
3. Pylorus
B. Secretions of the Stomach
1. Chyme
2. Mucus
3. Hydrochloric acid
4. Pepsinogen-pepsin
(Table 16.1, p. 459)
Peristaltis
V. Small intestine
A. Anatomy of the Small Intestine
1. Duodenum
a. villi, and microvilli
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
4. Circular folds, villi, and microvilli
B. Absorption in the Small Intestine
(Fig. 16.13, p. 467)
VI. Liver and Pancreas
2. Ducts
.
a. Common bile duct
b. Hepatocytes
B. Functions of the Liver
1. Bile secretion
2. Digestion
3. Excretion
4. Nutrient storage
5. Nutrient conversion
6. Detoxification of harmful chemicals
7. Synthesis of new molecules
D. Functions of the Pancreas
1. Exocrine
a. Pancreatic enzymes
i. Trypsin
ii. Pancreatic amylase
v. Lipases
vi. Nucleases
VII. Large intestine
A. Anatomy of the Large Intestine
1. Cecum
2. Colon
a. Ascending
b. Transverse
c. Descending
d. Sigmoid
3. Rectum
4. Anal canal
(Table 16.2, p. 471)
(Fig. 16.18, p. 472)
(Fig. 16.20, p. 474)
(Table 16.1, p. 459)
(Fig. 16.21, p. 475)
B. Functions of the Large Intestine
IIX. Digestion, Absorption, and Transport
A. Carbohydrates
1. Digestive Enzymes
a. Amylase
b. Disaccharidases
B. Lipids—triacylglycerol (triglycerides)
1. Digestion
a. Emulsification
b. Lipase
C. Proteins
1. Digestion
a. Pepsin
b. Trypsin
c. Peptidase
2. Uptake by cells
(Fig. 16.22, p. 476)
(Fig. 16.23, p. 477)
(Fig. 16.27, p. 483)
CHAPTER 18 -- URINARY SYSTEM AND FLUID BALANCE
I.
Functions of the Urinary System
A. Excretion
B. Blood volume control
C. Ion concentration regulation
D. pH regulation
E. Red blood cell concentration
F. Vitamin D synthesis
II. Urinary System
A. Kidneys
1. Renal capsule
2. Hilum of the kidney and renal sinus
3. Renal cortex and renal medulla
4. The ureter
5. The nephron
i. Glomerulus
ii. Bowman's capsule
iii. Podocytes
B. Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
III. Urine Production
A. Filtration
B. Reabsorption
C. Secretion
(Fig. 18.7, p. 520)