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The Science Test Individual Population Ecosystem Population – group of a single species living in the same place Communities - group of interacting populations Ecosystem – the community and its environment Biome – group of ecosystems with the same communities Biosphere – the circle of life Food Chains – one path of energy flow Food Webs – complex model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships in a community Predation + - Predator kills the prey for food Competition - - both compete for same resources Parasitism + - parasite lives in or on host Mutualism + + symbiotic relationship in which both benefits Commensalism + 0 symbiotic relationship in which one benefits and the other is not harmed Climate – temperature and rainfall 6 major biomes Tundra Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Grasslands Desert Tropical Rainforest Amount of light, oxygen and salinity Lakes Ponds Wetlands ▪ Marshes ▪ Swamps ▪ Estuaries Coral Reefs Deep Ocean Primary Succession: The process of creating life in an area where no life previously existed. New volcanic islands, glacial retreat, rocks Secondary Succession: The process of restabilization that follows a disturbance in an area where life has formed an ecosystem. Abandoned farms, forest fires, volcanic eruptions 1st year Horseweed dominant; crabgrass, pigweed 2nd year Asters dominant; crabgrass 3rd to 18th year Grass scrub community; broomsedge grass, pines coming in during this stage 19th to 30th year Young pine forest 30th to 70th year Mature pine forest; Understory of young hardwoods 70th to 100th year Pine to hardwood transition 100th year plus Climax oakhickory forest