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RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Standard: HS-EHS-5
 5.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the
respiratory system.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Consists of lungs and air passages
 Responsible for taking in oxygen and removing carbon
dioxide
 Body has only 4-6 minute supply of O2
 Respiratory system must work continuously or death will
occur
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PARTS
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Alveoli
 Lungs
NOSE
 Nostrils (nares)
 Openings through which air enters
 Nasal septum
 Partition or wall of cartilage
 Divides nose into two hollow spaces called nasal cavities
NASAL CAVITIES
 Lined with mucous membrane
 Have a rich blood supply
 As air enters cavities, it is warmed, filtered, and
moistened
 Mucus, produced by the mucous membranes, also
helps trap pathogens (germs) and dirt
NASAL CAVITIES (CON’T)
 Cilia
 Tiny hair like structures in nasal cavity
 Filter inhaled air
 Traps dust & pathogens as they enter nose so the particles
can be pushed toward the esophagus and swallowed
 Olfactory receptors are located in the nose
SINUSES
 Cavities in skull around nasal area
 Connected to nasal cavity by short ducts
 Provide resonance for voice
PHARYNX (THROAT)
 Lies directly behind nasal cavities
 As air leaves nose it enters the pharynx
 Three sections
 Nasopharynx
 Upper portion behind nasal cavities
 Pharyngeal tonsils, eustachian tube openings
 Oropharynx
 Middle section
 Behind oral cavity
 Receives air from nasopharyx and food and air from mouth
PHARYNX (CON’T)
 Laryngopharynx
 Bottom section of pharynx
 Branches into trachea, which carries air to and from the
lungs and esophagus, tube that carries food to stomach
LARYNX
 Voice box
 Between pharynx & trachea
 Has “Adam’s apple” (framework of cartilage)
 Contains two folds Vocal cords
 As air leaves lungs, vocal cords vibrate to produce sound
 Tongue and lips act on sound to produce speech
LARYNX (CON’T)
 Epiglottis
 Leaf like structure that closes the opening into the larynx
during swallowing
 Prevents food & liquids from entering the respiratory tract
TRACHEA
 “Windpipe”
 Extends from larynx to center of chest
 Carries air b/t pharynx and bronchi
BRONCHI
 Two divisions of trachea near center of the chest
 Right bronchi shorter, wider, and extends more
vertically
 Continue to divide into smaller and smaller bronchi
 Smaller branches = bronchioles
 End in “air sacs,” or alveoli
ALVEOLI
 Resemble a bunch of grapes
 Approx. 500 million in adult lung
 Contain a rich network of capillaries
 Capillaries allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to be
exchanged between blood and lungs
 Inner surface covered with surfactant
 Fatty substance that keeps alveoli from collapsing
Alveoli
LUNGS
 Organs that contain divisions of bronchi and alveoli
 Right lung has 3 lobes superior, middle, inferior
(upper, middle, lower)
 Left lung has 2 lobes superior & inferior (upper &
lower)
 Smaller because the heart lies more to the left
LUNGS (CON’T)
 Pleura
 Membrane or sac enclosing each lung
 Visceral pleura is attached to surface of lung
 Parietal pleura attached to chest wall
 Pleural space
 Located b/t the two layers
 Filled with thin layer of pleural fluid that lubricates
membranes and prevents friction as lungs expand during
breathing
VENTILATION , A.K.A.
“BREATHING”
 Inspiration & expiration (see vocabulary terms)
 Diaphragm and intercostal muscles (between ribs)
contract to expand thoracic cavity during inspiration
 Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax to collapse the
thoracic cavity during expiration.
VENTILATION (CON’T)
 Respiration controlled by medulla oblongata
 Decreased oxygen or increased carbon dioxide
increased respirations
Write Q&A to the following questions.
1. What is Epistaxis?
2. List all of the different causes for epistaxis.
3. Which populations are most at risk?
4. How is it treated?
5. How do you avoid it?
6. What is the prognosis?