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BIOS 1300 SI
SI Worksheet 5/6 (Exam 1 Review: Chapters 1-3)
SI Leader: Merrin Jeffries (email: [email protected] )
January 27, 2015
Chapter 1:
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
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Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures
Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform functions
All specific functions are performed by specific structures
1.What four actions form the basis of the physical exam?
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. List the eight characteristics something must posses in order to be considered “living”:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3. List the three tenets to the Cell Theory:
1.
2.
3.
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4. Modern-day cell theory:
1. All known living things are made up of one or more cells
2. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
3. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
4.The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.
5. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
6.Cells contain DNA, which is found specifically in the chromosome, and RNA found
in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.
7. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar
species.
5. ___________________ is the change in the genetic composition of a population over time.
6. The principle theory of how evolution works is __________________ ___________________, which
is defined as a process in nature in which organisms possessing certain genotypic
characteristic that make them better adjusted to an environment tend to survive,
reproduce, increase in number or frequency, and therefore, are able to transmit and
perpetuate their essential genotypic qualities to succeeding generations.
7. Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than
others are called ___________________ ____________________. They Include such things as climate,
predators, disease, competition, and the availability of food.
8. _____________________ are features of anatomy, physiology and behavior that have evolved in
response to selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its
environment.
9. List and briefly explain the seven steps of the scientific method
1. Step 1:
2. Step 2:
3. Step 3:
4. Step 4:
5. Step 5:
6. Step 6:
7. Step 7:
10.Define homeostasis and explain why homeostatic regulation is important to an organism.
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11.A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of three parts. List and briefly explain
each of these parts.
1.
2.
3.
12. Fill in the table:
Homeostatic Feedback
Mechanism
Particular role the
feedback Mechanism
plays in maintaining
homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Reaction to Stimulus
Opposes, or reduces, the
original effect of the
stimulus
Enhances the effect of the
stimulus
Examples
13.Increased pressure in the aorta triggers mechanisms to lower blood pressure. This is an
example of _______________ feedback.
14.The increasingly forceful labor contractions during childbirth are an example of
__________________ feedback.
15.Increased blood sugar stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreas that
stimulates the liver to store blood sugar. This is an example of ______________ feedback
16.A rise in blood calcium levels triggers the release of a hormone that lowers blood
calcium levels. This is an example of ________________ feedback.
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17.If matter or energy moves from the point where a certain variable has a
_________________value to the point with a ________________value, we say it flows DOWN the
concentration gradient.
18.Movement of matter or energy from a LOWER value to a HIGHER value explains
movement ___________ a concentration gradient (Hint: This process requires an input of
energy)
19.List the 4 types of gradients we encounter in biological systems and state the direction
in which matter and energy universally flow.
1.
2.
3.
4.
-
Universally, matter and energy flow ________________ gradients
20. The following is a list of six levels of organization that make up the human body:
1. Tissue
2. Cell
3. Organ
4. Molecule
5. Organism
6. Organ system
The correct order, from the smallest to the largest level:
a. 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5
b. 4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5
c. 4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5
d. 4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5
e. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5, 6
21. The specialized study that analyzes the structure of individual cells is:
a. Histology
b. Microbiology
c. Cytology
d. Pathology
22. Homeostasis refers to:
a. The chemical operations underway in the body
b. Individual cells becoming specialized to perform particular functions
c. Changes in an organism’s immediate environment
d. The maintenance of a stable internal environment
23. The smallest living units in the body are:
a. Elements
b. Tissues
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c. Molecules
d. Cells
24. The level of organization that reflects the interactions between chemicals is:
a. Cellular level
b. Tissue level
c. Molecular level
d. Organism
25. When a variation outside of normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects
the situation, the mechanism is called:
a. Negative feedback
b. Positive feedback
c. Crisis management
d. Homeostasis
26. When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to
decrease the body temperature. This is an example of:
a. negative feedback
b. positive feedback
c. nonhomeostatic regulation
d. diagnostic regulation
e. fever
Chapter 2:
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
Biochemistry is the study of the molecules which compose living organisms
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds which contain carbon
1.What are the six major elements of the human body: (list from most abundant to least
abundant)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.List the 4 molecules that compose living organisms:
1.
2.
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3.
4.
3. Ions with a positive charge (+) are called
a. cations
b. anions
c. radicals
d. positrons
e. isotopes
4. If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) _________ occurs.
a. single covalent bond
b. double covalent bond
c. triple covalent bond
d. polar covalent bond
e. hydrogen bond
5. The weakest bond between two atoms is the ___________ bond.
a. ionic
b. covalent
c. polar
d. nonpolar
e. hydrogen
6. A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is
a. lactose
b. cellulose
c. glycogen
d. sucrose
e. fructose
7. Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule?
a. 3 glycerol molecules
b. 1 glycerol molecule
c. 3 fatty acid molecules
d. both a and c
e. both b and c
8. The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of _____________ protein structure.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
e. pentanary
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9. Molecules that store and process genetic information are the
a. amino acids
b. nucleic acids
c. carbohydrates
d. lipids
e. steroids
10. Compared to a solution with a pH of 8, a solution with a pH of 6 has:
a. 2 times more H+
b. 100 times more H+
c. 1.25 times more H+
d. 100 times less H+
e. 2 times less H+
11. Organic molecules consist of a chain or ring of ______ atoms
a. oxygen
b. carbon
c. cation
d. anion
12. A monosaccharide consists of carbon atoms and a ____ ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.
a. one-to-two (1:2)
b. one-to-one (1:1)
c. two-to-one (2:1)
d. three-to-two (3:2)
13. Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
a. starch
b. sucrose
c. glucose
d. galactose
14. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides all belong to a class of organic
molecules known as _________
a. Lipids
b. Carbohydrates
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic acids
15. Lipids are characterized as being _________ molecules
a. hydrophilic
b. hydrophobic
c. hydroponic
d. hypocephalic
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16. Those fatty acids with one or more double covalent bonds in the hydrocarbon chain are
said to be _________ fatty acids.
a. saturated
b. trans
c. unsaturated
d. omega -3
17. The primary type of lipid in cell membranes are _________
a. phospholipids
b. glycolipids
c. cholesterol
d. sterols
18. Cholesterol is a member of the class of lipids known as _________
a. diglyceride
b. phospholipids
c. steroids
d. triglyceride
19. Proteins are assembled from twenty different building blocks called _____________
a. monosaccharides
b. enzymes
c. disaccharides
d. amino acids
20. The nucleotide that supplies energy for all cellular work is _________
a. GTP
b. ADP
c. ATP
d. GTP
21. The equal sharing of electrons in a molecule is an example of:
a. An ionic bond
b. A polar covalent bond
c. A nonpolar covalent bond
d. A hydrogen bond
22. Of the following compounds, the one that is least likely to affect the concentrations of
H+ and OH- ions is:
a. A base
b. A salt
c. An acid
d. A buffer
23. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as:
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a.
b.
c.
d.
Eicosanoids
Inorganic compounds
Organic compounds
Noncaloric compounds
24. The human body generates significant quantities of acids that may promote a
disruptive:
a. Decrease in pH
b. Increase in pH
c. pH of about 7.40
d. sustained muscular contraction
25. The three basic components of a single nucleotide of a nucleic acid are:
a. Purines, pyrimidines, sugar
b. Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
c. Guanine, cytosine, thymine
d. Pentose, ribose, deoxyribose
26. The presence of an appropriate enzyme affects only the:
a. Speed of the reaction
b. Direction of the reaction
c. Products that will be formed from the reaction
27. A solute that dissociates to release hydroxide ions and cause an increase in pH is:
a. A base
b. A salt
c. An acid
d. Water
28. Two simple sugars joined together form a disaccharide. The reaction necessitates:
a. The removal of water to create a more complex molecule
b. The addition of water to create a more complex molecule
c. The presence of cations and anions to initiate electrical attraction
d. The disassembling of molecules through hydrolysis
Chapter 3:
1. The majority of the energy needed to keep a cell alive is generated by the activity of the:
a. mitochondria
b. ribosomes
c. nucleus
d. microtubules
2. In osmosis, water flows across a membrane toward the solution that has the:
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a. higher concentration ([]) of water
b. lower [] of solutes
c. [] of solutes at equilibrium
d. higher [] of solutes
3. Nucleoli are nuclear organelles that:
a. contain the chromosomes
b. are responsible for producing DNA
c. construct the cell membrane
d. synthesize the components of ribosomes
4. A cell with abundant peroxisomes would most likely be involved in:
a. secretion
c. movement
b. ATP manufacture
d. detoxification activities
5. The functions of the Golgi apparatus include:
a. synthesis, alteration, packaging
b. strength, control, secretion
c. neutralization, absorption, secretion
6. The resting membrane potential results from the:
a. equal distribution of ions across the membrane
b. functional reverse of endocytosis
c. unequal distribution of ions across the membrane
7. A solution that is hypotonic to cytoplasm has:
a. a solute [] higher than that of the cytoplasm
b. a solute [] lower than that of the cytoplasm
c. a solute [] that is equal to that of the cytoplasm
d. an osmotic [] higher than that of the intracellular fluid
8. Red blood cells may undergo hemolysis when the cells are placed in a:
a. a hypotonic solution
b. a hypertonic solution
c. an isotonic solution
d. a salt solution
9. The sodium-potassium exchange pump:
a. moves sodium and potassium ions along their [] gradients
b. is composed of a carrier protein located in the cell membrane
c. is not necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis
d. does not require ATP cellular energy
10. One of the great advantages of moving materials by active transport is:
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a. carrier proteins are not necessary
b. the process is not dependent on a [] gradient
c. the process has no energy cost
11. The process that transports solid objects such as bacteria into the cell is called
a. pinocytosis
b. phagocytosis
c. exocytosis
d. receptor mediated endocytosis
e. channel mediated transport
12. Plasma membranes are said to be
a. impermeable
b. freely permeable
c. selectively permeable
d. actively permeable
e. slightly permeable
13. _______________ ion concentrations are high in the ECF, and _________________ ion
concentrations are high in the cytoplasm.
a. Calcium, Magnesium
b. Chloride, Sodium
c. Potassium, Sodium
d. Sodium, Potassium
14. In a resting transmembrane potential, the inside of the cell is _______________, and the cell
exterior is _______________.
a. slightly negative, slightly positive
b. slightly positive, slightly negative
c. slightly positive, neutral
d. slightly negative, neutral
15. The movement of water across a membrane from an area of low solute concentration to
an area of higher solute concentration is known as
a. osmosis
b. active transport
c. diffusion
d. facilitated transport
e. filtration
16. Diffusion is important in body fluids, because it tends to
a. increase local concentration gradients
b. eliminate local concentration gradients
c. move substances against concentration gradients
d. create concentration gradients
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17. Microvilli are found
a. mostly in muscle cells
b. on the inside of plasma membranes
c. in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones
d. in cells that are actively engaged in absorption
e. only on cells lining the reproductive tract
18. When a cell is placed in a(n) __________________ solution, the cell will lose water through
osmosis. This process results in the _________________ of red blood cells.
a. hypotonic, crenation
b. hypertonic, crenation
c. isotonic, hemolysis
d. hypotonic, hemolysis
19. The sodium – potassium exchange pump
a. is an example of facilitated diffusion
b. does not require the input of cellular energy in the form of ATP
c. moves the sodium and potassium ions along their concentration gradients
d. is composed of a carrier protein located in the plasma membrane
20. A molecule that blocks the ion channels in integral proteins in the plasma membrane
would interfere with
a. cell recognition
b. the movement of lipid soluble molecules
c. the ability of the plasma membrane to depolarize
d. the ability of protein hormones to stimulate the cell
e. the cell’s ability to divide
21. List 5 important factors that influence diffusion rates:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
22. The packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle at the cell surface for importation
in the cell is called __________________________.
23. Most of the surface area of the cell membrane consists of __________________________________
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24. Intracellular membrane proteins are bound to a network of supporting filaments called
the _____________________ .
25. The special name given to the net diffusion of water across a membrane is
________________________________ .
26. The separation of positive and negative ions by the cell membrane in an undisturbed
cell produces a potential difference called the ____________________________________ potential.
27. Listed below are the 7 transport mechanisms involved in movement across a plasma
membrane. Briefly explain each mechanism’s transport process:
Mechanism:
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
Carrier Mediated Transport :
3. Facilitated Diffusion
4. Active Transport
5. Secondary Active Transport
Vesicular Transport:
6. Endocytosis
7. Exocytosis
Process: