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Physiology of Hunger Glucose= blood sugar Pancreas produces insulin / breaks down glucose (converts some to stored fat) Stomach, liver, intestines: signal brain as to glucose level Hypothalamus Part of Limbic System Helps govern endocrine system (regulates pituitary gland) Linked to emotion Drives: eating, drinking, body temp. Monitors levels of body’s appetite hormones Lateral Hypothalamus Stimulates hunger rat research Stimulate: Continuous eating to obesity Destroy: Starving would not eat Lower-mid hypothalamus (Ventromedial) Depresses hunger Stimulation = stop eating Destroy it = obesity (no brakes) Hormones / Chemicals and Hunger… Ghrelin: hormone secreted by empty stomach (arouses hunger) Gastric bypass surgery = less ghrelin Orexin: stimulates hunger (activated by low glucose) Leptin: chemical secreted by fat cells suppresses hunger PYY: Digestive hormone / suppresses hunger Research to address obesity Theories on Hunger and Body Weight Set Point: (weight thermostat) Body adjusts to changes in food intake to maintain homeostasis (has a general, preset tendancy to maintain a certain body weight) Less food = rise in hunger , fall in energy 9 month study: ½ food intake, 25% set point Set point outdated / “settling point” Basal metabolic rate: energy expenditure at rest (metabolism) Hunger Motivation Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Obsession with losing weight (15% or more) Starts with weight-lost diet Negative self-body image / perfectionist standards Usually adolescents Mothers who focus on own weight Competitive, high-achieving families 9 of 10: female Genetic and cultural theories Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Binge-Purge Overeating, compensatory vomiting, laxative use, fasting, extreme exercise Dieter breaks diet restrictions… weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges (easy to hide) Often sweet, high fat foods Depression, anxiety ½ of anorexia victims have bulimia symptoms Anorexia, Bulimia The Ideal of Slenderness Distorting Reality Obesity Obesity